Topology Optimization and Multiobjective Optimization for Drive Axle Housing of a Rear Axle Drive Truck

As one of the important load-bearing components of a truck, the drive axle housing must meet the requirements of stiffness and strength. The traditional design method uses redundancy design to meet the performance requirements. The joint design between the three-dimensional mathematical model and finite element model is adopted, and the optimal design of the drive axle housing is realized based on topology optimization and multiobjective optimization. Firstly, the static analysis of the drive axle housing of a rear axle drive truck was carried out with four typical working conditions. It was concluded that the four working conditions all operate under the yield limit of the material, and it was found that the maximum equivalent stress of the four working conditions occurs at the step of the half-shaft casing. Among the four working conditions, the most critical one is the maximum vertical force working condition. Then, based on the maximum vertical force working condition, the fatigue life analysis is conducted, and the minimum fatigue life appears at the transition position of the half-shaft sleeve and the arc transition position of the main reducer chamber. The remaining parts can meet the design requirements. The overall safety factor of the drive axle housing is mainly between 1 and 5 when operating under this working condition. Then, through modal analysis, the first to sixth natural frequency and vibration modes of the drive axle housing are extracted. Based on the modal analysis, the dynamic characteristics of the drive axle housing are further studied by harmonic response analysis and random vibration analysis. Finally, two kinds of lightweight optimization schemes for the drive axle housing are given. Topology optimization reduces the mass of the drive axle housing by 17.4%, but the overall performance slightly decreases. Then, the five dimensional parameters of the drive axle housing are selected as design variables. The mass, maximum deformation, equivalent stress, service life, and the first-, second- and third-order natural frequencies are defined as objective functions. Through the optimal space-filling design method, the experimental designs are performed and the sample points are obtained. Based on the results of experiment design, the multiobjective genetic algorithm and response surface method are combined to optimize the objective functions. The analysis results show that the mass is reduced by 4.35%, the equivalent stress is reduced by 21.05%, the minimum life is increased by 72.28%, and the first-, second-, and third-order natural frequency are also increased to varying degrees. Two different optimization strategies are provided for the design of the drive axle housing.     

磁共振颅表定位网用于颅内小病灶术前定位26例临床分析

目的：观察和分析磁共振颅表定位网对颅内小病灶进行术前定位的治疗效果方法：应用磁共振颅表定位网定位技术,对26例颅内小占位病灶进行术前定位,然后进行小骨瓣开颅手术,将颅内小病灶显微镜下全切。结果：26例患者经过定位网定位后,准确而微创地切除了病灶,而且诊治过程顺利,无严重并发症发生。结论：磁共振颅表定位网具有定位准确、安全等优点,是重要的神经外科微创诊疗技术。     

乙型肝炎表面抗原基因重组2型腺相关病毒的免疫原性研究

目的观察含乙型肝炎表面抗原(HBsAg)基因的2型重组腺相关病毒(rAAV-2-HBsAg)在Balb/c小鼠体内的免疫原性。方法以5×1011的重组病毒颗粒单次注射Balb/c小鼠,RT-PCR扩增肝脏组织中HBsAg基因cD-NA:ELISA检测肝组织中HBsAg的表达;RIA法检测血清中表面抗体(抗一HBs)滴度;51Cr释放分析检测细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(CTL)活性。结果外源性HBsAg基因己整合到肝细胞染色体DNA并有效地转录和翻译,表达水平最高可达33.8pg/(mglivertissue),rAAV-HBsAg免疫小鼠后可以诱导机体产生表面抗体并激发特异性CTL。结论外源性HBsAg基因可以转移到小鼠肝细胞并稳定表达;rAAV-2-HBsAg免疫小鼠可以同时诱导体液和细胞免疫反应的出现。提示基于rAAV-2载体的乙型肝炎(HBV)疫苗,对于防止HBV感染,尤其是作为慢性乙型肝炎的治疗性疫苗可能只有潜在的应用价值,值得做进一步的系统研究。     

不同诱导因子对 MT-5细胞表达 HBsAg 的影响

对经 HBV-DNA 转染的 MT-5细胞的培养条件进行观察。发现重金属离子Zn 和 Cd 对 MT-5细胞表达 HBsAg 有诱导作用,而咖啡因、地塞米松、氢化可的松、丙酸睾丸酮、苯丙酸诺龙对 MT-5细胞的 HBsAg 均无诱导作用。     

纤维素酶-乙醇协同提取龙须藤总黄酮的工艺研究

目的 考察用纤维素酶-乙醇协同提取龙须藤总黄酮的最佳提取工艺条件.方法 在单因素分析的基础上进行Box-Behnken效应面优化,以龙须藤总黄酮提取率为指标,并采用Design expert 7.0.0软件对数据进行分析.结果 纤维素酶-乙醇协同提取龙须藤总黄酮的最佳工艺条件为:每1 g药材酶用量9.13 mg、酶解时间2.06 h、酶解温度51.03℃.在优化条件下,提取率平均值为19.24%(RSD为1.68%),与预测值19.02%接近.结论 纤维素酶-乙醇协同提取龙须藤总黄酮可获得较高的提取率.     

Removal of Stair-Step Effects in Binder Jetting Additive Manufacturing Using Grayscale and Dithering-Based Droplet Distribution

Binder jetting is a layer-based additive manufacturing process for three-dimensional parts in which a print head selectively deposits binder onto a thin layer of powder. After the deposition of the binder, a new layer of powder is applied. This process repeats to create three-dimensional parts. The binder jetting principle can be adapted to many different materials. Its advantages are the high productivity and the high degree of freedom of design without the need for support structures. In this work, the combination of binder jetting and casting is utilized to fabricate metal parts. However, the achieved properties of binder jetting parts limit the potential of this technology, specifically regarding surface quality. The most apparent surface phenomenon is the so-called stair-step effect. It is considered an inherent feature of the process and only treatable by post-processing. This paper presents a method to remove the stair-step effect entirely in a binder jetting process. The result is achieved by controlling the binder saturation of the individual voxel volumes by either over or underfilling them. The saturation is controlled by droplet size variation as well as dithering, creating a controlled migration of the binder between powder particles. This work applies the approach to silica sand particle material with an organic binder for casting molds and cores. The results prove the effectiveness of this approach and outline a field of research not identified previously.     

Shy-Drager综合征26例的临床分析

目的:探讨Shy-Drager综合征(SDS)的临床和辅助检查的特点,为临床诊断提供依据。方法:回顾性分析26例临床诊断为SDS患者的临床资料、头颅磁共振(MRI)、肛门括约肌肌电图(EAS-EMG)、校正QT间期和尿流动力学检查。结果:14例患者行头颅MRI检查,6例患者出现壳核T2低信号。19例患者行EAS-EMS检查,均有自发电位。13例患者行尿流动力学检查,9例有尿道流出梗阻现象。20例患者行心电图检查,平均校正QT间期达0.409 ms。结论:临床表现结合头颅MRI和EAS-EMG有助于提高SDS的诊断。     

Effects of Wax Molecular Weight Distribution and Branching on Moisture Sensitivity of Asphalt Binders

Wax is an important factor that affects the durability of asphalt binder. In order to understand the molecular weight distribution and branching of wax on the moisture sensitivity of asphalt binder, pure wax-doped asphalt binders are prepared and the performance of model asphalt binders are evaluated by surface free-energy (SFE) and binder bond strength (BBS) tests. In addition, asphaltene is regarded as an additive in this study. The results show that the addition of eicosane, triacontane, squalane and asphaltene can reduce the moisture sensitivity of asphalt, but not necessarily improve its moisture-induced damage resistance. The physical hardening effect of high-wax asphalt and its model asphalt is stronger than that of the corresponding low-wax asphalt and its model asphalt, and its moisture sensitivity is weaker than that of the low-wax asphalt. For all the model asphalts, there is a good correlation between the cohesion work, cohesion POTS (pull-off tensile strength), POTS ratio (the BBS moisture sensitivity index) and ER (the SFE moisture sensitivity index). When using the BBS test to characterize the moisture sensitivity of high-wax asphalt, it is recommended to leave the sample for some time until it is physically hardened and stable.     

Effect of the Surface Morphology of Porous Coatings on Secondary Electron Yield of Metal Surface

Surface roughening is an important material surface treatment technique, and it is particularly useful for use in secondary electron yield (SEY) suppression on metal surfaces. Porous structures produced via roughening on coatings have been confirmed to reduce SEY, but the regulation strategy and the influence of process parameters both remain unclear in the practical fabrication of effective porous structures. In this paper, the effect of the surface morphology of porous coatings on the SEY of aluminum alloy substrates was studied. Surface characterization and SEY measurements were carried out for samples with a specific process technique on their surfaces. An exponential fitting model of the correlation between surface roughness and the peak values of SEY curves, δm, was summarized. Furthermore, an implementation strategy to enable low surface SEY was achieved from the analysis of the effect of process parameters on surface morphology formation. This work will aid our understanding of the effect of the irregular surface morphology of porous coatings on SEY, thereby revealing low-cost access to the realization of an easy-to-scale process that enables low SEY.