颈椎颈髓损伤早期手术治疗疗效评价（附37例报告）

目的：探讨早期手术对颈脊髓神经功能恢复方面的作用。方法：通过脊髓神经功能评价方法,分析总结一组伤后3d内实施手术减压和／或固定的颈椎脊髓损伤患者的预后。结果：术后第15d,23例脊髓不完全性损伤者运动和感觉神经功能分别改善（ASIA神经功能评分法）9．12和9．30分,相差显著,14例脊髓完全性损伤者运动和感觉功能分别改善0．43和1．43分,有改善。术后12个月随访,9例脊髓不完全性损伤者运动和感觉神经功能分别改善4．00和18．33分,相差显著,6例脊髓完全性损伤运动和感觉神经功能分别改善0．50和1．00分,无显著改善。结论：伤后3d内实施手术脊髓减压和颈椎内固定术,可促进不完全性颈髓损伤神经功能恢复。     

钛质网笼内植物加前路带锁钢板对颈椎稳定性的生物力学评价

目的评价颈椎在植入颈椎钛质网笼内植物和植入钛质网笼内植物辅助AO前路带锁钢板内固定两者的生物力学稳定性.方法测量6例新鲜人颈椎骨骼韧带标本(C2～T1)在正常、C5椎体次全切除减压后植钛质网笼内植物、植钛质网笼内植物后辅助AO前路带锁钢板内固定三种工况下C4～C6节段的三维运动数据,并做统计学处理.结果6例颈椎标本C4～C6节段在正常、植钛质网笼内植物、植钛质网笼内植物加AO前路钢板三种工况下,前屈/后伸、左/右侧弯、左/右轴向旋转的运动范围(ROM)平均值(°)分别为14.12/12.94、13.39/13.11、9.77/10.72;9.70/14.42、8.94/8.61、7.65/8.09和4.39/1.36、4.08/4.19、3.46/3.63.结论颈椎减压、植入钛质网笼后在后伸运动时的稳定性明显不足;辅助AO前路带锁钢板内固定后在各个方向的稳定性都显著增强,可满足临床应用的要求.     

Lumbar intraspinal mucous cyst: case report

We report a case of an intraspinal mucous cyst, or ganglionic cyst, that irritated the fifth nerve root on the left in a patient who had previously undergone L4-L5 discectomy due to lumbosciatica. After a few months of complete well-being, the patient complained of the return of sciantica in the L5 region. Clinically, it looked like the recurrence of disc hernia, however, tests showed the presence of an extradural ganglionic cyst adjacent to the left joint facet between lumbar vertebrae IV and V. This lesion was not seen using radiography or computed tomography prior to discectomy. Surgical excision of the lesion was followed by rapid and full remission of the clinical symptoms. Histological tests confirmed the diagnosis of ganglion cyst. Received: 23 August 2001/Accepted: 4 September 2001     

The use of a retractor system (SynFrame) for open, minimal invasive reconstruction of the anterior column of the thoracic and lumbar spine

In 65 consecutive cases of trauma (n=55), pseudo-arthrosis (n=4) and metastasis (n=6), anterior reconstruction of the thoracic and lumbar spine was performed using a new minimal invasive but open access procedure. No operation had to be changed into an open procedure. The thoracolumbar junction was approached by a left-sided mini-thoracotomy (n=50), the thoracic spine by a right-sided mini-thoracotomy (n=8) and the lumbar spine by a left sided mini-retroperitoneal approach (n=7), using a new table-mounted retractor system called SynFrame (Stratec Medical, Switzerland). The anterior column was reconstructed using a variety of materials: autologous tricortical crest (n=11), autologous spongiosa (n=12), allografts (n=4) and cages (n=38). The mean overall operating time was 170 min (range 90-295 min); the time of surgery varied, depending on the spine pathology and the magnitude of the intervention in the anterior part of the spine. Mean overall blood loss was 912 ml, and only 7 out of the 65 patients needed blood transfusions. There were neither intra- nor postoperative complications related to the minimal access in particular, nor visceral/vascular complications. No intercostal neuralgia, no post-thoracotomy pain syndromes, no superficial or deep wound infections and no deep venous thromboses occurred. Four cases of pseudo-obstruction were treated conservatively. In this study, we describe the new minimal access technology to the anterior part of the thoracal and lumbar spine on the basis of 65 cases completed within 1 year. This open, but minimal invasive, access technology offers, in our view, additional advantages to the "pure" endoscopic procedures of spinal surgery.     

急性颈椎损伤MRI表现与脊髓损伤的相关性

目的　探讨MRI检查在判断急性颈椎损伤患者脊髓损伤程度中的作用。方法　对 82例急性颈椎损伤患者在受伤 2 4h内行MRI检查 ,并进行早期连续的临床检查 ,分析MRI表现与脊髓损伤程度之间的相关性。结果　急性颈椎损伤的 10种MRI表现中 ,髓内出血提示完全性脊髓损伤 (FrankelA级 ) ;脊髓肿胀及脊髓水肿多见于FrankelA -C级的病人 ,同时 ,脊髓肿胀及水肿的程度与脊髓损伤程度成正比 ;脊髓受压多见于FrankelA级和FrankelB级的患者 ;颈椎脱位多见于脊髓损伤程度较重 (FrankelA -C级 )的患者 ;椎管狭窄与脊髓损伤程度之间无明确相关性 ,但多见于老年患者 ;颈椎间盘突出、颈椎椎体骨折、颈椎附件骨折及韧带损伤与脊髓损伤程度间无明显相关性。结论　急性颈椎损伤患者早期行MRI检查 ,可以帮助判断脊髓损伤的程度 ,对治疗方法的选择及准确判断预后具有重要的指导意义。     

螺旋CT多平面重建对寰枢椎改良后路经关节螺钉内固定的意义

目的通过对正常人螺旋CT多平面重建检查，并对其行后路经关节螺钉内固定技术相关形态学参数的测量，为临床提供患者个体化手术相关信息。方法对60例正常人进行寰椎的螺旋CT检查，获取相关参数并进行分析。采用枢椎下关节突正中为进钉点模拟寰枢椎后路经关节螺钉内固定术，在螺旋CT重建上获得轴面和矢状面的正确倾斜角度。C2峡部高度和宽度，理想的螺钉长度，理想的螺钉矢状面和轴面倾斜度，以及理想的螺钉路径与椎动脉沟之问距离。结果C2峡部高度为（8．02±1．92）mm，峡部宽度（6．05±1．32）mm，理想的螺钉长度为（41．22±4．48）mm，螺钉矢状面倾斜度为53．87°±5．61°，与内向成角（14．81°±2．81°）。10侧（8％）峡部狭窄（宽度或高度小于5mm），测量其椎动脉沟与理想螺钉途径之间距离，有12例（10％）小于2．5mm，因此总共有22侧（18％）存在潜在椎动脉损伤风险。结论术前对每个患者行CT检查十分必要，能充分地了解个体的解剖结构，提高手术的安全性。     

创伤性下颈椎不稳定的治疗策略选择

目的探讨创伤性下颈椎不稳定的外科治疗方法及其预后。方法1998年1月～2006年5月对77例创伤性下颈椎不稳定患者采用Allen—Fergurson下颈椎损伤分类方法，结合患者的全身情况及伴随损伤状况、神经学状态、致压物部位、有无伴随的创伤性椎间盘突出或损坏、有无伴随的小关节交锁脱位、损伤累及的节段及数目、患者的经济状况和自我要求来决定相应的治疗方案。采用前路、后路或前后联合入路进行下颈椎减压和重建，其中前路手术41例，后路手术28例，前后联合入路手术8例。结果所有患者术后获平均3年8个月（3个月～6年1个月）随访。最常见的损伤类型为屈曲．牵张型和屈曲-压缩型。术前平均JOA和VAS评分分别为10．5分和8．6分，术后分别为15．1分和2．8分。ASIA评分从术前的平均51．5分提高到术后最终随访时的65．2分。不完全性脊髓损伤患者ASIA神经功能评级平均提高1～2级，完全性脊髓损伤者无恢复。术前平均Cobb角、椎体前滑移距离、椎间隙高度分别为后凸23．0°、6．2mm和67％，术后最终随访时分别为前凸2．6°、0．4mm和94％。所有手术节段均完全融合。12例患者发生术后并发症或合并症。结论应根据下颈椎损伤的类型并具体结合患者的全身情况和损伤节段的局部病理解剖及神经学状况来综合考虑最佳的手术策略。     

Role of intraoperative Iso-C based navigation in challenging spine trauma

Background:

Pedicle screw fixation is the most preferred method of stabilizing unstable spinal fractures. Pedicle screw placement may be difficult in presence of fractured posterior elements, deformed spine, gross instability and spinal pathology. Challenging spine-fracture fixation is defined as the presence of one or more of the following: 1) obscured topographical landmarks as in ankylosing spondylitis, 2) fractures in occipitocervical or cervicothoracic regions and 3) preexisting altered spinal alignment. We report a series of pedicle screw insertion with guidance of navigation in difficult fixation problems..

Materials and Methods:

Fourteen patients [hangman''s fracture (n=3), odontoid fracture (n=4), C1C2 fracture (n=1) and spinal fracture with coexistent ankylosing spondylitis (n=6)] underwent posterior stabilization. Intraoperatively after surgical exposure, images were acquired by Iso-C 3D C-arm and transferred to navigation system. Instrumentation was performed with navigational assistance. Postoperatively, placements of pedicle screws were evaluated with radiographs and CT scan.

Results:

Sixty-seven pedicle screws (cervical, n=33; thoracic, n=6; lumbar, n=26; sacral n=2) and 15 lateral mass screws were inserted with navigation guidance. The average time of image data acquisition by Iso-C 3D C-arm and its transfer to workstation was 4 minutes (range, 2-6 minutes). Postoperative CT scan revealed ideal placement of screws in 63 pedicles (94%), grade 1 cortical breaches (<2 mm) in 3 pedicles (4.5%) and grade 2 cortical breach (2-4 mm) in one pedicle (1.5%). There were no neurovascular complications. Deep infection was encountered in one case, which settled with debridement.

Conclusions:

Intraoperative Iso-C 3D C-arm based navigation is a useful adjunct while stabilizing challenging spinal trauma, rendering feasibility, accuracy and safety of pedicle screw placement even in difficult situations.     

经皮激光腰椎间盘减压术后腰椎关节突关节和椎间高度的变化

目的：观察经皮激光椎间盘减压术（percutaneous laser disc decompression，PLDD）治疗腰椎间盘突出症术后腰椎关节突关节和椎间高度的变化。方法：应用半导体激光系统对32例腰椎间盘突出症患者进行PLDD治疗。29例患者为单节段突出，其中L3/4 3例，L4／5 18例，L5/S1 8例；3例患者同时合并IA／5和L5/S1节段突出。利用Macnab标准评价随访患者的疗效，并观察术前、术后椎间盘突出节段关节突关节角的形态，测量L3，4、L4/5和L5／S1椎间高度指数和椎间盘突出节段关节突关节角的角度。结果：所有患者无术中和术后并发症。随访14～22个月，平均17个月，按Macnab标准评价：优14例（43．75％），良13例（40．63％）；可3例（9．37％），差2例（6．25％），优良率84．38％。术后L5/S1椎间高度指数与术前相比显著性下降（P〈0．05），但L3/4和L4／5椎间高度指数无显著性改变；关节突关节无明显退变；L4／5和L5／S1椎间盘突出侧的关节突关节角角度显著性下降（P〈0．05），但L3/4椎间盘突出侧的关节突关节角度无显著性改变。结论：经皮激光腰椎间盘减压术后患者的L5／S1椎间高度和腰椎间盘突出侧关节突关节角角度下降．有可能增加腰椎滑脱的风险。     

胸椎椎弓根根外固定螺钉拔出力的实验研究

目的:比较两种胸椎椎弓根根外固定方法与经椎弓根固定方法的螺钉拔出强度,评价胸椎椎弓根根外固定的生物力学效果。方法:新鲜胸椎标本4具,共32个肋骨-椎骨序列,根据螺钉固定方法不同分为3组,A组采用经椎弓根固定,B组采用经横突-椎体固定,C组采用经改良肋横突法固定。根据所用螺钉规格不同将其分为4种不同测试条件:D1,螺钉直径5.5mm,长度40mm;D2,螺钉直径5.5mm,长度45mm;D3,螺钉直径6.5mm,长度45mm;D4,螺钉直径6.5mm,长度50mm。测试3种固定方法下的螺钉拔出力,并做统计学分析对比。结果:D1条件下A组拔出力为787.0±119.3N,B组为706.2±109.4N,C组为616.1±82.3N,3组间比较有显著性差异(P<0.01);D2条件下A组拔出力为862.3±128.7N,B组为811.4±113.6N,C组为655.1±92.2N,A、B组间比较无显著性差异(P>0.05),A、B组与C组比较有显著性差异(P<0.01);D3条件下,A组拔出力为855.3±117.1N,B组为938.0±131.5N,C组为861.3±117.8N,A、C组间比较无显著性差异(P>0.05),A、C组与B组比较有显著性差异(P<0.01);D4条件下A组拔出力为864.3±120.9N,B组为959.6±135.2N,C组为941.2±115.4N,A组与B、C组比较均有显著性差异(P<0.01),B、C组间比较无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论:使用直径6.5mm、长度45～50mm的螺钉固定时,胸椎椎弓根根外固定螺钉拔出力优于椎弓根固定,有较好的生物力学效果。