氢溴酸东莨菪碱微乳的制备及其体外透皮吸收研究

目的：探讨微乳组分对其理化性质及其体外透皮吸收性质的影响。方法：以聚氧乙烯氢化蓖麻油（CremophorRH-40）-乙醇-油酸聚乙二醇甘油酯（Labrafil M1944CS）-水作为微乳的组成成分,制备水包油型微乳。考察各微乳粒径、黏度值,同时考察微乳水相含量、油相含量、乳化剂含量和Km值对其透皮吸收性质的影响。结果：氢溴酸东莨菪碱微乳粒径、黏度值及透皮吸收率受多种因素的影响,包括Km值、水相含量、油相含量等结论：具有最大透皮渗透量及适宜粒径、黏度值的微乳体系处方为：乳化剂（CremophorRH-40＋无水乙醇,Km=2：1）30％,油相Labrafil10％,三蒸水58．5％,氢溴酸东莨菪碱1．5％。     

山莨菪碱治疗麻醉剂依赖性

阿片成瘾者２５０例（男性２２２例，女性２８例，年龄３０±ｓ５ａ）应用山莨菪碱０．５－２ｍｇ／（ｋｇ·ｄ），分２－３次加入１０％葡萄糖２５０ｍＬ或５％葡萄糖生理盐水５００ｍＬ静脉滴注；东莨菪碱０．０２－０．０３ｍｇ／ｋｇ加入１０％葡萄糖２５０ｍＬ静脉滴注１次，必要时对重患者追加１次，疗程５－７ｄ。结果戒断症状均有改善（Ｐ＜０．０１），２７例需加用羟丁酸钠。不良反应轻，可作为阿片瘾者的脱瘾药物。＊Ｐ＜０．０１。碱确能解除阿片药物戒断症状。其对阿片戒断症状缓解时间在治疗４－５ｄ后，强烈觅药渴求也随之逐渐消失。１５０例（６０％）要求进食，１７５例（７０％）仍需借助安眠药睡眠。另６５例（２６％）戒断症状阵发性发作，每次持续０．５－１ｈ，症状轻重不一，轻者流泪、全身弥漫性疼痛，重者焦躁不安、心中猫抓虫咬样难受，甚至想自残，可配合艾司唑仑３－４ｍｇ／ｄ，ｐｏ或氯硝西泮６－１０ｍｇ／ｄ，ｐｏ；也可用氯硝西泮１－２ｍｇ／次，ｉｍ，每日２－３次；针刺胃俞、脾俞、中脘、足三里、印堂、太阳、百会、内关、合谷、命门、夹脊和肾俞穴位，根据临床症状任选其中３－５个穴位进行治疗或心理治疗能快速减轻患者戒断症状。治程中２７例（１０．８％）重?     

银杏叶提取物改善小鼠记忆作用的研究

银杏叶醇提取物及水提取物均能明显改善小鼠由NaNO₂及东莨菪碱引起的记忆损害。醇提取物的作用较水提物强,且对正常成年小鼠亦有促进记忆保持的作用。二种提取物均能延长大剂量NaNO₂注射后小鼠的存活时间。     

石杉碱类似物异香兰石杉碱甲对胆碱酯酶的抑制作用和东莨菪碱导致的记忆障碍的影响(英文)

目的:研究石杉碱类似物异香兰石杉碱甲(IVHA)对胆碱酯酶的抑制作用和东莨菪碱导致的记忆障碍的影响.方法:乙酰胆碱酯酶和丁酰胆碱酯酶活力用Ellman比色法测定.抑制常数K_i值抑制机制用Lineweaver和Burk的双倒数作图法测定.行为测试用八臂迷宫装置.结果:IVHA的抗AChE作用稍弱于Hup-A.它对红细胞膜AChE的IC_(50)为0.11 μmol·L~(-1).作用强于Phys和Gal.属混合型抑制剂,K_i值为32 nmol·L~(-1).不同于异氟磷,与AChE为可逆性结合.ip给与IVHA0.2 mg·kg~(-1)翻转东莨菪碱导致的八臂迷宫记忆障碍.结论:IVHA是一个新的强效可逆胆减酯酶抑制剂,值得进一步研究.     

脑桥-延髓中毒蕈碱受体亚型与环核苷酸的关系(英文)

目的：研究脑桥-延髓中M受体亚型与环核苷酸的关系.方法:大鼠ip药物,脑桥-延髓等组织中cGMP和cAMP含量分别用放射免疫法和竞争性蛋白结合法测定,对照组ip生理盐水.结果:ip匹鲁卡品,脑桥-延髓中cGMP含量增加,cAMP变化不明显,ip哌仑西平或东莨菪碱可拮抗之.ip 6β-乙酰氧基去甲托烷12μg kg~(-1),脑桥-延髓中cAMP含量减少,而25 μg kg~(-1)使cAMP和cGMP均减少,ip AFDX 116或阿托品可拮抗之.结论:激动脑桥-延髓中M_1受体使cGMP增加,激动M_2受体使cGMP和cAMP减少.     

Dose-dependent effects of repeated ketamine administration on muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in the mouse forebrain

To study the effects of repeated ketamine administration (0: saline, 12.5, 25, and 50 mg·kg⁻¹ every 3 days for a total of five times, subcutaneously) on the central muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAchRs), receptor binding assays of mAchR were carried out in the forebrain of mice, using [³H]quinuclidinyl benzilate ([³H]QNB) as a ligand. We also examined whether repeated ketamine administration could modify the sensitivity to scopolamine (0.5 mg·kg⁻¹) (a muscarinic antagonist). Repeated ketamine administration produced a significant increase in the receptor density values (Bmax) for [³H]QNB (1520±51 fmol·mg protein⁻¹ for the control group, 1650±43 for the 12.5 mg·kg⁻¹ group, 1966±70 for the 25 mg·kg⁻¹ group and 2064±125 for the 50 mg·kg⁻¹ group) (P<0.05, when the 25 mg·kg⁻¹ and 50 mg·kg⁻¹ groups were compared to the control group) without any change in apparent affinity. Repeated ketamine reduced scopolamine-induced hyperlocomotion at 50 mg·kg⁻¹ (P<0.05). We conclude that repeated ketamine administration produces up-regulation of mAchRs, which is probably associated with the altered Ach transmission of the central nervous system.     

Memory-related effects of cholinergic receptor ligands in mice as measured by the elevated plus maze test

The purpose of our experiments was to examine the influence of cholinergic receptor ligands on memory-related behavior in mice using the elevated plus maze (EPM) test. The EPM test allows the exploration of different memory processes (acquisition and consolidation), depending on the time of drug treatment. The time necessary for mice to move from the opened arm to the enclosed arm (i.e., transfer latency, TL) was used as an index of memory. Our findings reveal that for both the processes of acquisition and consolidation, treatment with nicotine (0.035 or 0.175 mg/kg, free base, sc) shortened TL on the second day of the experiments (TL2), thus improving memory processes. Treatment with scopolamine (0.3 or 1.0 mg/kg, ip) significantly increased TL2 values, thus impairing cognitive processes. Moreover, we found that treatment with nicotine, at the non-effective doses used during testing, prevented scopolamine-induced memory impairment by inducing a decrease in TL2 values. Next, we evaluated the influence of bupropion (10 or 20 mg/kg, ip), a drug currently used for smoking cessation in humans, on memory-related behavior induced by treatment with nicotine and scopolamine. An acute injection of bupropion (10 or 20 mg/kg) prior to injection with either nicotine (0.035 mg/kg) or scopolamine (1.0 mg/kg) significantly prevented nicotine-induced memory improvement or scopolamine-induced memory impairment. Bupropion treatment can diminish the rewarding (dependence-producing) effects of nicotine and also the cognitive effects that are related to addiction. Our studies further indicate the great involvement of the cholinergic system in memory processes and the potential for the development of more effective pharmacotherapies for memory impairment-like human disorders in which the cholinergic pathways have been implicated.     

Kalopanaxsaponins A and B isolated from Kalopanax pictus ameliorate memory deficits in mice

The stem-bark of Kalopanax pictus (KP, family Araliaceae), which contains triterpenoid saponins, has been shown to exhibit anticarcinogenic, antiinflammatory, antirheumatoid and antidiabetic activities. In a preliminary study, a KP methanol extract demonstrated acetylcholinesterase activity in vitro and memory enhancement in scopolamine-treated mice. Therefore, we isolated acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, kalopanaxsaponins A and B, from a KP butanol (BuOH) fraction, measured acetylcholinesterase activity in vitro, and investigated their memory-enhancing effects in a passive avoidance test, Y-maze test and Morris water maze test. These constituents inhibited acetylcholinesterase activity and significantly reversed scopolamine-induced deficits. They also increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and phosphorylated cAMP response element binding (p-CREB) protein expression but reduced TNF-α increased by scopolamine. Based on these findings, kalopanaxsaponins A and B may ameliorate memory deficits by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase activity and inducing BDNF and p-CREB expression.     

Histamine H3 receptor-mediated impairment of contextual fear conditioning and in-vivo inhibition of cholinergic transmission in the rat basolateral amygdala

We investigated the effects of agents acting at histamine receptors on both, spontaneous release of ACh from the basolateral amygdala (BLA) of freely moving rats, and fear conditioning. Extensive evidence suggests that the effects of histamine on cognition might be explained by the modulation of cholinergic systems. Using the microdialysis technique in freely moving rats, we demonstrated that perfusion of the BLA with histaminergic compounds modulates the spontaneous release of ACh. The addition of 100 mm KCl to the perfusion medium strongly stimulated ACh release, whereas, 0.5 microm tetrodotoxin (TTX) inhibited spontaneous ACh release by more than 50%. Histaminergic H3 antagonists (ciproxifan, clobenpropit and thioperamide), directly administered to the BLA, decreased ACh spontaneous release, an effect fully antagonized by the simultaneous perfusion of the BLA with cimetidine, an H2 antagonist. Local administration of cimetidine alone increased ACh spontaneous release slightly, but significantly. Conversely, the administration of H1 antagonists failed to alter ACh spontaneous release. Rats receiving intra-BLA, bilateral injections of the H3 antagonists at doses similar to those inhibiting ACh spontaneous release, immediately after contextual fear conditioning, showed memory consolidation impairment of contextual fear conditioning. Post-training, bilateral injections of 50 microg scopolamine also had an adverse effect on memory retention. These observations provide the first evidence that histamine receptors are involved in the modulation of cholinergic tone in the amygdala and in the consolidation of fear conditioning.     

东莨菪碱及其大鼠肝匀浆代谢物的液相色谱-质谱法分析

目的 运用液相色谱-电喷雾离子阱串联质谱（LC-MSⁿ）联用技术研究东莨菪碱在大鼠肝匀浆中的代谢物。方法 采用离体实验的代谢研究方法,将东莨菪碱与大鼠肝匀浆在富氧条件下温孵,代谢物以醋酸乙酯萃取,采用LC-MS及LC-MSⁿ等方法进行分析。和原药相比较,根据温孵液中分析物相对分子质量的变化及其多级质谱数据,鉴定代谢物并阐述其结构。结果 在东莨菪碱的大鼠肝匀浆培养液中发现了脱水东莨菪碱和去甲基东莨菪碱两种代谢物。结论 东莨菪碱在大鼠肝匀浆中的代谢主要有脱水和去甲基反应。