Diabetic retinopathy: different risk factors for exudates and haemorrhages

The retinae of 137 patients were examined ophthalmologically and for visual acuity at diagnosis of noninsulin dependent diabetes and again in 1982 and 1983, approximately 7 and 8 years later, when colour photographs were also taken. In 1983, 46% were without detectable retinopathy, 32% had haemorrhages (including microaneurysms) only, 4% exudates alone and 18% both lesions. Those with haemorrhages were more hyperglycaemic than those without retinopathy and those with exudates only. Indeed, those with exudates alone had lower mean glucose levels than those without retinopathy (p<0.05). Patients with exudates (± haemorrhages) had a lower percentage of the fatty acids of plasma cholesterol esters as linoleate than those without (p<0.05) but this did not hold for those developing haemorrhages. Different risk factors appear to operate in different features of diabetic retinophathy. In some respects exudate formation may be more akin to macro than to micro angiopathy.     

英国伦理委员会的现状与分析

伦理委员会的主要职责是保护药物临床试验受试者的权益、安全和健康.现对英国伦理委员会的法律、法规、申请及审评程序等进行归纳分析,旨在对规范我国伦理委员会的运作具有参考借鉴作用.     

Measurement of self-reported HIV risk behaviors in injection drug users: Comparison of standard versus timeline follow-back administration procedures

This study compares the frequencies of retrospective self-reported HIV high-risk drug use and sexual behaviors in 127 out-of-treatment injection drug users using the HIV Risk Questionnaire (HRQ) across two administration methods: (a) a brief standard quantity–frequency approach covering the past 30 days and (b) a lengthier timeline follow-back (TLFB) procedure for improving recall. The two procedures produced similar frequencies of risk behavior across most items (80%) and good intra- and interclass correlation coefficients. The TLFB, however, resulted in higher frequencies for two risk behavior questions—sharing of any drug injection equipment and having any type of unprotected sex. The TLFB is a well-established procedure for retrospective assessment of HIV risk behavior and a good choice when precision in measuring these behaviors is a primary focus of the work. In contrast, the brief HRQ-Standard interview procedure appears to be a reasonable choice for clinical, research, and health-related surveys where the primary focus is broader than HIV risk behavior.     

阿尔茨海默病的诊断进展

阿尔茨海默病（AD）是一种与年龄相关的以进行性认知功能损害为主要表现的神经变性疾病,是痴呆的主要原因。目前,AD的诊断标准仍在不断深入研究和修订中。本文综述AD的最新诊断标准、评估量表及生物标志物三方面的进展。     

足月儿和近足月儿呼吸窘迫综合征需重复应用肺表面活性物质的高危因素分析

目的 总结足月儿和近足月儿呼吸窘迫综合征(RDS)重复运用肺表面活性物质(PS)的高危因素.方法 选择本院于2015年2月至2016年9月收治的RDS患儿共130例为对象.根据患儿PS运用次数,分为单次组(使用1次)76例和重复组(使用次数≥2次)54例.比较两组患儿治疗总有效率,并对患儿出生时窒息率、RDS严重程度、首次PS治疗时间等潜在高危因素进行单因素分析和Logistic回归分析.结果 单次组治疗总有效率为97.37％(74/76),显著高于重复组的治疗总有效率88.89％(48/54),差异有统计学意义(x2=3.931,P＜0.05).单因素分析结果表明:出生时窒息、RDS Ⅲ～Ⅳ级、妊娠期高血压、PS前PaO2/FiO2、首次PS时间、呼吸支持时间、肺部感染、肺出血、PDA、休克、败血症、气胸是RDS患儿重复运用PS的危险因素(x2=6.512、5.326、4.323、4.165、4.269、4.081、4.578、5.772、6.096、19.594、8.100、4.300,P＜0.05).Logistic多因素回归分析表明:出生时窒息、RDS Ⅲ～Ⅳ级、首次PS时间、肺部感染和PDA是患儿重复使用PS的独立危险因素(OR=1.267-20.453、2.862-4.679、1.095-1.234、0.117-0.542、2.467-169.263,P＜0.05).结论 多种因素可能诱发RDS患儿重复使用PS.宜根据患儿临床特征和高危因素,提前预防和治疗,以改善治疗效果.     

FMEA在降低自动口服摆药机调剂差错风险中的应用

目的：探讨失效模式和影响分析（failure mode and effect analysis,FMEA）在降低自动口服摆药机调剂差错风险中的应用。方法：运用FMEA识别自动口服摆药机调剂过程中的失效模式,分析其出现的原因,制定降低调剂差错的措施。结果：实施风险控制措施后,影响自动口服摆药机调剂差错风险失效模式的风险优先指数（risk priority number,RPN）值由119分降到55分,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论：FMEA应用于自动口服摆药机调剂差错的风险管理,可有效降低调剂差错,提高药学服务质量。     

126例极低及超低出生体重儿临床高危因素分析

目的探讨极低出生体重儿(VLBW)及超低出生体重儿(ELBWI)的围产期临床特点,旨在提高其治愈率及生存质量。方法回顾性分析2008年1月至2010年12月126例极低及超低出生体重儿的母孕期情况及临床并发症。结果感染、胎膜早破、妊高征、多胎妊娠为发生VLBW和ELBWI主要因素,呼吸窘迫综合症、呼吸暂停、肺出血、颅内出血、感染、贫血、高胆红素血症、胆汁淤积、早产儿慢性肺疾病、早产儿视网膜病(ROP)为其常见并发症,其中呼吸窘迫综合症、肺出血、感染、颅内出血为其死亡的主要原因。体重越低,并发症发生率越多,死亡率越高。结论加强高危妊娠监测管理,预防早产,加强新生儿重症监护病房极低及超低出生体重儿的监护管理,及早发现、及早处理各种并发症,防止医院感染发生,是提高VLBW和ELBWI的存活率,改善生活质量的根本措施。     

单唾液酸四己糖神经节苷脂钠治疗新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病的临床疗效

目的探讨运用单唾液酸四已糖神经节苷脂钠治疗新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病的临床疗效。方法将64例缺氧缺血性脑病患几随机分戍治疗组32例和对照组32例,对照组在常规治疗基础上用脑蛋白水解物治疗,治疗组在常规治疗基础上用单唾液酸四己糖神经节苷脂钠治疗。观察两组的疗效、头颅CT变化、患儿神经行为的影响。结果治疗组临床症状体征的恢复、CT恢复正常率及新生儿行为神经评分均优于对照组,两组差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论神经节苷脂治疗新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病可明显改善症状,促进神经损伤的恢复,提高患儿生存质量,降低病死率和伤残率。