Trumpets of attack: collaborative efforts between nursing and philanthropies to care for the child crippled with polio 1930 to 1959

The purpose of this historical inquiry research was to explore (a) the relationship of nursing and foundations focusing on polio from 1930 to 1959; (b) the employment and educational opportunities arising from the polio epidemics for white and black nurses, as well as the obstacles encountered; (c) the role of nursing leaders in the care of the crippled child; and (d) the effects of the resolution of the polio epidemics resulting from the polio vaccine on public attitude and on the philanthropic organizations. Relevant journals, primary and secondary sources, and personal interviews were the methods used for data collection. Because of the extraordinary community support for work related to polio, nurses were able to obtain support from foundations. This support resulted in employment and educational opportunities for bedside nursing, primarily for white nurses. Middle and upper class fear of polio enabled the development of powerful and successful private organizations to supplement the available governmental services. This research illustrates the advances that nursing has made and reminds nurses to develop and maintain strong praxis relationships, alliances with philanthropies, referrals for clients with local organizations, and a strong voice in the planning arena.     

中国2006年脊髓灰质炎实验室网络的运转与监测

目的通过对中国(未包括香港、澳门特别行政区和台湾地区,下同)2006年脊髓灰质炎(脊灰)实验室网络监测结果进行分析,评估其运转情况,提供中国继续维持无脊灰状态的实验室依据。方法分析31个省(自治区、直辖市,下同)急性弛缓性麻痹(AFP)病例个案调查表数据库和中国疾病预防控制中心(CDC)病毒病预防控制所国家脊灰实验室监测数据库,总结脊灰实验室网络运转中的培训和质量控制,评价实验室网络运转的各项指标。结果2006年全国脊灰实验室网络收集了5 299例AFP病例的10 537份粪便标本,按《世界卫生组织(WHO)脊灰实验室手册》的要求进行病毒分离和鉴定。28d内完成病毒血清型定型的及时率为88.7%,AFP病例中分离到脊灰病毒(PV)的280例,分离率为5.3%;分离到非脊灰肠道病毒的551例,分离率为10.4%。国家脊灰实验室对2006年全国脊灰实验室网络分离到的359株PV进行了聚合酶链反应-限制性酶切片段长度多态性分析(PCR-RFLP)型内鉴定,对462份单血清型PV进行了酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)型内鉴定。并对PCR-RFLP及ELISA型内鉴定有异常的毒株或分离于零剂次服苗的AFP病例的毒株及部分Ⅲ型毒株,共180株进行VP1基因核苷酸序列测定和分析,未发现脊灰野病毒。但在广西壮族自治区的1例AFP病例和7名接触者中,分离到8株Ⅰ型疫苗衍生脊灰病毒(VDPVs),在上海市1名健康儿童中分离到1株Ⅲ型VDPV。在培训和质量控制方面,2006年举办了两期全国脊灰实验室新人手把手培训班,12个省CDC脊灰实验室16人参加了培训。2006年,国家脊灰实验室以优异的成绩通过WHO的2006年度能力验证和现场认证;31个省CDC脊灰实验室通过了2006年度盲样标本能力验证;内蒙古、江苏、福建、云南、湖南、四川、新疆、安徽8个省CDC脊灰实验室通过了WHO的实验室现场认证。结论中国2006年脊灰实验室网络运转良好,已建立的科学化、系统化、规范化的质量控制体系取得良好的实效和发挥了应有的作用。中国2006年继续保持无脊灰状态,脊灰实验室网络运转正常,监测系统敏感,为维持无脊灰提供了实验室依据。     

Multiple sclerosis and poliomyelitis. A Danish historical cohort study

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether persons with a history of poliomyelitis are at an increased risk of developing multiple sclerosis (MS). MATERIAL AND METHODS: All patients diagnosed with acute poliomyelitis in the greater capital area of Copenhagen, Denmark, between 1919 and 1954 were identified and followed with respect to MS. Information on vital status and diagnosis of sclerosis was obtained through linkage with the Danish Civil Registration System and The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry, respectively. Follow-up started on the date of the establishment of the Danish Civil Registration System (April 1, 1968) until death, emigration or December 31, 1996, whichever came first. The observed incidence of MS among polio patients was compared with the expected incidence calculated according to national gender, age and period specific rates of MS. RESULTS: During 149,364 years of follow-up, 19 cases of multiple sclerosis were observed among 5652 polio patients compared with 11.0 expected (SIR = 1.73 (1.04-2.74)). The increased risk of MS was most pronounced in polio patients hospitalized during adolescence. Neither gender nor the acute severity of poliomyelitis modified the risk of MS. CONCLUSION: Our results are based on small numbers of events, however the findings suggest that the polio patients might be at an increased risk of MS.     

Prognosis and pathological characteristics of five children with non-Shiga toxin-mediated hemolytic uremic syndrome

BACKGROUND: The three major signs of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) are hemolytic anemia, thrombopenia and acute renal failure. HUS is classified into Shiga toxin-mediated HUS (Stx-HUS) and non-Shiga toxin-mediated HUS (nStx-HUS). The prognosis of nStx-HUS is reported to be less favorable than that of Stx-HUS. Although the association between the prognosis and pathological characteristics of HUS have been reported such that the prognosis was considered to be poor for thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) with predominant arterial involvement (arterial TMA), good for TMA with predominant glomerular involvement (glomerular TMA) and dependent on the extent of necrosis in cases of renal cortical necrosis, it is not yet clear whether pathological findings are also related to the renal prognosis of nStx-HUS cases. Therefore the purpose of the present paper was to analyze renal biopsy findings and prognosis for five children with nStx-HUS. METHODS: Clinical records of five cases of nStx-HUS among 74 cases of diagnosed HUS were reviewed, and information and data were summarized. RESULTS: Histological examination of the kidney led to the diagnosis of arterial TMA in three cases, and glomerular TMA and severe renal cortical necrosis in one case each. Analysis of the relationship between renal histological findings and the prognosis found that three patients with arterial TMA and one patient with severe renal cortical necrosis later developed end-stage renal failure while one patient with glomerular TMA has continued to show normal renal function. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that pathological findings are closely related to the prognosis in cases of nStx-HUS.     

The role of a critical care unit in an epidemic

The role of a critical care unit in life-threatening situations is well established. The management of 52 children with acute gastroenteritis and 22 children with acute paralytic poliomyelitis as part of recent epidemics is described. The solutions to the problems in the critical care management of these 74 victims (out of a total of 6197 patients admitted during the epidemics) are discussed.     

河北省检出脊髓灰质炎疫苗株病毒急性弛缓性麻痹病例流行病学分析

目的了解河北省2004-2007年急性弛缓性麻痹（AFP）病例中检出脊髓灰质炎（脊灰）疫苗株病毒阳性病例的流行病学特征。方法描述流行病学方法分析个案数据。结果从1657例AFP病例中检出脊灰病毒91株,检出率为5．5％,均为疫苗相关株病毒。病例散在发生,无聚集性。≤2岁儿童病例占92．3％。临床表现主要以发热、腹泻、肢体感觉障碍、深部腱反射减弱或消失为主。结论脊髓灰质炎疫苗株病毒导致的麻痹病例以2岁以下幼儿多见,应加强监测与研究。     

碳纤维临床应用132例初步报告

报告碳纤维于外科骨科临床应用132例。随访1～2年。124例效果满意,有效率为94％。应用中要注意选择适当粗细;紧张度;肢体术后制动要有足够时间。对术后“感染”者要尽早拆除碳纤维才能使切口早期愈合。碳纤维术后“感染”乃是静电反应的结果。     

The effect of footwear adapted with a multi-curved rocker sole in conjunction with knee-ankle-foot orthoses on walking in poliomyelitis subjects: a pilot study

Background: Knee-ankle-foot orthoses (KAFOs) are used by people with poliomyelitis to ambulate. Whist advances in orthotic knee joint designs for use in KAFOs such the provision of stance control capability have proven efficacy, little attention has been paid to shoe adaptations which may also improve gait.

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the alteration to the kinematics and temporal-spatial parameters of gait caused by the use of heel-to-toe rocker-soled footwear when ambulating with KAFOs.

Method: Nine adults with a history of poliomyelitis who routinely wore KAFOs participated in the study. A heel-to-toe rocker sole was added to footwear and worn on the affected side. A three-dimensional motion capture system was used to quantify the resulting alteration to specific gait parameters.

Results: Maximum hip joint extension was significantly increased (p?=?0.011), and hip abduction and adduction were both significantly reduced (p?=?0.011 and p?=?0.007, respectively) when walking with the rocker sole. A significant increase in stride length (p?=?0.035) was demonstrated but there were no significant increases in either walking speed or cadence.

Conclusions: A heel-to-toe rocker sole adaptation may be useful for walking in patients with poliomyelitis who use KAFOs.

• Implications for Rehabilitation

• The poor functionality and difficulty in walking when using an orthotic device such as a KAFO which keeps the knee locked during ambulation, plus the significant energy required to walk, are complications of orthoses using.

• Little evidence exists regarding the biomechanical effect of walking with a KAFO incorporating fixed knee joints, in conjunction with rocker-soled footwear.

• The main aim of walking with a heel-to-toe rocker sole is to facilitate forward progression of the tibia when used with an AFO or KAFO or to provide easier walking for patients who have undergone an ankle arthrodesis.

• In this study, a rocker sole profile adaptation produced no significant alteration to hip joint flexion, but hip joint maximum extension was significantly increased in subjects suffering from poliomyelitis, and maximum hip adduction and abduction were both significantly reduced.

• The most significant alterations were seen in stride length, and although there was a significant increase in this parameter, there was no statistically significant increase in walking velocity or cadence.