Diagnosis and treatment of peroneal tendon disorders

Peroneal tendon disorders are a common cause of lateral hindfoot pain and dysfunction that are often overlooked and misdiagnosed. Disorders can be divided into instability, inflammation and tears but often occur concurrently or as a result of each other. A detailed history and examination is required with an early level of suspicion as there are several differential diagnoses with similar presentations. Investigations such as ultrasound and MRI are useful to confirm diagnosis. Understanding of the pathophysiology and evidence-based management of peroneal disorders is mostly backed by opinion-based medical literature. The majority of acute disorders can be managed non-operatively with rest and physiotherapy but in many cases arthroscopic or open surgery is needed. If not managed appropriately the problem can become chronic and very challenging to treat. Early recognition of the characteristic clinical findings and the appropriate use of investigations and treatments is therefore essential to prevent this. This review article focuses on current understanding of common peroneal tendon pathologies, their diagnosis and treatment.     

腓总神经损伤7例原因分析与神经电生理诊断

目的 探讨腓总神经损伤的特殊致伤原因和损伤神经电生理表现特点、诊断价值.方法 回顾性分析7例腓总神经损伤患者的临床及神经电生理检查资料.结果 长时间下蹲位导致的腓总神经损伤的患者,与健侧相比患侧腓深神经或腓浅神经电位波幅变化明显,波幅下降均在50%左右,最大降幅88%.EMG表现损伤神经所支配肌肉有自发电位、募集减弱等.结论 长时间下蹲致腓总神经损伤是较少见的损伤原因.神经电生理检测可以为腓总神经损伤提供较明确的定位诊断与鉴别诊断,有着较好的临床应用价值.     

The consistent presence of the human accessory deep peroneal nerve

Twenty-four human legs were dissected macroscopically to study the morphological details of the accessory deep peroneal nerve. This nerve arose from the superficial peroneal nerve and descended in the lateral compartment of the leg, deep to peroneus longus along the posterior border of peroneus brevis. Approaching the ankle joint, this nerve passed through the peroneal tunnels to wind around the lateral malleolus; it then crossed beneath the peroneus brevis tendon anteriorly to reach the dorsum of the foot. The accessory deep peroneal nerve was found in every case examined and constantly gave off muscular branches to peroneus brevis and sensory branches to the ankle region. In addition, this nerve occasionally had muscular branches to peroneus longus and extensor digitorum brevis, and sensory branches to the fibula and the foot. The anomalous muscles around the lateral malleolus were also innervated by this nerve. Neither cutaneous branches nor communicating branches with other nerves were found. The present study reveals that the accessory deep peroneal nerve is consistently present and possesses a proper motor and sensory distribution in the lateral region of the leg and ankle. It is not an anomalous nerve as has previously been suggested.     

带腓浅神经营养血管的远端蒂筋膜皮下组织瓣修复足背缺损

目的:报告带腓浅神经营养血管的远端蒂筋膜皮下组织瓣的血管解剖和临床应用研究.方法:通过对32侧固定的下肢标本和4侧新鲜下肢标本的解剖学研究,观察腓浅神经的血供来源及其与小腿筋膜皮肤血供的相互关系.临床上设计带腓浅神经营养血管的小腿前方筋膜皮下组织瓣,翻转修复5例足背创伤缺损.结果:腓浅神经由腓浅动脉伴行.在小腿的下1/3段,腓浅动脉变细成交织的血管丛,并得到胫前动脉肌间隙穿支、腓动脉外踝上穿支和足背动脉回返支的加强,在小腿深筋膜表面和皮下组织中,形成丰富的深筋膜和皮神经链式吻合纵向血管丛.据此设计带腓浅神经营养血管的远端蒂筋膜皮下组织瓣,翻转180°修复足背创面5例,组织瓣面积(10～14) cm×(4～5) cm,蒂宽3～4 cm,均完全成活.结论:带腓浅神经营养血管的远端蒂筋膜皮下组织瓣,血供丰富,方法简单,是修复足背软组织缺损的好方法.     

Variations of the nutrient artery of the fibula

In this study the authors aimed to show variations of the nutrient artery of the fibula, which is important for more effective vascularized fibular grafts. Thirty intact legs were examined to determine the number, location, and diameter of the nutrient arteries in the shaft. In 27 of these specimens (90%) there was single nutrient artery; two legs (6.6%) had double nutrient artery. In one leg (3.3%) no nutrient artery was observed. The number of nutrient arteries found on each of the surfaces was summarized as follows. Most of the nutrient arteries pierced the fibula at its medial crest, while only one entered from the posterior surface. Most nutrient arteries were near the middle third of the fibula. The most frequent diameter of the nutrient artery was 0.9-1.5 mm. The authors think that their results about the variations of the nutrient artery supplying the fibula will contribute to the clinical and vascular anatomy knowledge.     

Isolated deep peroneal (fibular) nerve palsy in association with primary total hip arthroplasty

We present two patients suffering isolated deep peroneal (fibular) nerve (DPN) palsies post primary total hip arthroplasty. The consistent factor in both patients was difficulty with initial dislocation and subsequent relocation. Both developed immediate isolated DPN palsies, with loss of dorsiflexion and paraesthesia over the first web space. The superficial peroneal nerve was intact in both. Despite intensive physiotherapy neither patient regained a return to pre-morbid motor or sensory function. Common peroneal nerve (CPN) palsy is common than due to a number of important anatomical factors. It is thought that the deep and superficial branches of this nerve also exist as discrete fascicles and these same factors make the deep division more frequently affected. Recovery is prolonged and incomplete despite intensive physiotherapy, thus putting emphasis on prevention.     

股部皮穿支的数字化解剖学研究

目的 观测股部穿支分布特点,为临床设计嵌合皮瓣、血流桥接等特殊形式的穿支皮瓣提供形态学基础.方法 15具尸体行一次性全身动脉造影、螺旋CT扫描及三维重建.然后进行层次解剖并配合X线摄片,应用Scion Image对各区穿支进行定性、定量分析.结果 股部共有外径≥0.5 mm的穿支(41±4.0)支,平均外径(0.8±0.1) mm,平均蒂长(4.2±1.7) cm,平均供血面积(44±6.4) cm2.股前内、外侧区中部,股后区的上部穿支较多.结论 ①由表及里的三维重建方法,可清晰地显示皮下组织内穿支的来源与分布特点;②股部各区均具备形成常规穿支皮瓣或特殊形式穿支皮瓣的形态学基础.     

微型游离腓动脉穿支皮瓣修复手足小创面27例效果观察

目的：探讨微型游离腓动脉穿支皮瓣修复手足小创面的临床价值。方法选取2009年3月至2013年12月于本院采用微型游离腓动脉穿支皮瓣进行修复治疗的27例手足小创面患者为研究对象,观察所有患者治疗后的皮瓣成活率、臃肿率、手足功能优良率及皮瓣部位感觉功能评估结果。结果患者的皮瓣成活率达到100.00%,手足功能优良率达到100.00%,皮瓣部位感觉功能持续改善,无一例皮瓣臃肿发生。结论微型游离腓动脉穿支皮瓣修复手足小创面的临床价值较高,患者治疗后的手足功能恢复更佳。     

Ultrasound‐Guided Continuous Superficial Peroneal Nerve Block below the Knee for the Treatment of Nerve Injury

(CRPS) describes a constellation of symptoms including pain, trophic changes, hyperesthesia, allodynia, and dysregulation of local blood flow often following trauma. It is often confined to the extremities. Treatment of this disorder consists of a variety of modalities including systemic pharmacotherapy, local anesthetic injections or infusions, psychological nonpharmacotherapy, physical rehabilitation, and surgical intervention. Chronic pain not related to CRPS can also be treated with similar interventions. Despite the array of available therapies, it can still be difficult to manage. We report a case of a 19‐year‐old patient diagnosed by her surgeon as having CRPS Type II, secondary to foot trauma, which was treated with a continuous infusion of local anesthetic at the superficial peroneal nerve (SPN). While placement of peripheral nerve block catheters to augment chronic pain therapy is not novel, the application of a perineural catheter at the SPN has not been previously described.     

Analysis of somatosensory evoked potentials in peroneal nerve palsy

The peroneal nerve SEPs over the CZ' of the scalp were studied in patients with peroneal nerve palsy. The initial positive peak latencies of P27 (to popliteal fossa stimulation), P30 (to fibular neck stimulation) and P37 (to dorsum of the foot stimulation) were measured. The latency difference P30-P27 was prolonged in all patients with the fibular head lesions. In patients with the superficial peroneal nerve lesions at the foreleg, P37-P27 was prolonged whereas P30-P27 was normal. Clinical application of peroneal nerve SEPs was useful in deciding the site of the lesion causing the peroneal nerve palsy.