Postnatal development of NR1, NR2A and NR2B immunoreactivity in the visual cortex of the rat

N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are critically involved in some types of synaptic plasticity. The NMDAR subunits NR1, NR2A and NR2B are developmentally regulated, and it has been proposed that developmental changes in their expression may underlie developmental changes in cortical plasticity. Age-dependent change in cortical plasticity is most commonly measured by the monocular deprivation effect, which occurs during a critical period between P22 and P50 in the rat. Although the development of NMDAR subunits has been studied from birth through the fourth postnatal week, there is only meager information from older ages when visual plasticity ends. We hypothesized that there will be significant age-dependent change in expression of NR1, NR2A or NR2B between P22, when the cortex is plastic, and P90, when it is not. We applied specific antibodies recognizing NR1, NR2A and NR2B to the primary visual cortex at P14, P22, P30, P45 and P90. We found age-dependent changes in NR1-IR that were negatively correlated with changes in NR2A-IR; these subunits are not regulated in unison. In contrast, NR2A-IR and NR2B-IR were positively correlated. NR2A-IR and NR2B-IR both passed through a developmental minimum around P45, then recovered to approximately their P22 level. NR1-IR passed through a maximum at P45. There were no significant differences between P22 and P90. These results do not support the simple hypothesis that the loss of plasticity corresponds to a simple transition from juvenile levels of NMDAR subunit proteins to new adult levels. On the other hand, the results do confirm the hypothesis that there are significant changes in processing of NMDAR proteins during the time that plasticity is lost. How these changes of IR relate to synaptic transmission and plasticity needs to be clarified.     

Life Satisfaction in a Sample of Outpatients with Severe Mental Disorders: A Survey in Northern Italy

This paper presents a cross-sectional survey of subjective quality of life in a sample of 40 Italian patients with disabling mental disorders living in the community. The patients self-rated their quality of life by the Satisfaction with Life Domains Scale. They were satisfied in relation to basic needs, such as housing, food or clothing and appreciated to some extent the services received, but were very unhappy about their income and their intimate sexual relationships. This Italian sample appeared less satisfied than most samples of people with severe mental disorders investigated by the same instrument in other countries. This may be related to the high level of psychopathology and disability shown by patients for whom survival in the community is in itself an achievement. However, lack of money and poor sexual life are common concerns of long-term mentally ill. How to address such problems is a major challenge for community psychiatric services.     

现代复苏技术在危重新生儿转运中的应用体会

目的：探讨现代复苏技术在危重新生儿转运中的应用及其临床价值。方法:对我院2000年3月-2004年2月危重新生儿转运中接受心肺脑复苏(CPCR)的26例息儿进行回顾性分析，总结出危重新生儿转运中CPCR程序及其要点。结果：在26例息儿中，转运前给予CPCR 18例，占69.2％；转运途中给予CPCR 8例，占30.8％；除2例息儿复苏失败于转运途中死亡外，其余24例均复苏成功，成功率为92.3％。结论：危重新生儿转运中的CPCR程序具有临床实用价值。     

ICU分离的铜绿假单胞菌血清分型及耐药性分析

目的确定重症监护室(ICU)铜绿假单胞菌流行菌株血清型别及其对抗菌药物的耐药情况,为研究铜绿假单胞菌感染的控制措施,合理应用抗菌药物提供依据。方法采用日本生研株式会社的铜绿假单胞菌血清分型试剂盒,对某院呼吸内科、神经内科、麻醉科ICU住院患者痰液及相关环境标本中分离的铜绿假单胞菌进行血清学分型及耐药性监测。结果3个ICU共检出铜绿假单胞菌88株,对其中80株进行了血清学分型,分型率90.91%;所占比率较大的血清型为:B型52.27%,G型22.73%,未分型菌9.09%。各型对10种抗菌药物的耐药种类数为:B与G型10种,未分型菌9种,D与E型8种,F型7种,I,M与K型<3种;铜绿假单胞菌对10种抗菌药物总的耐药率分别为:头孢曲松67.05%,阿洛西林61.36%,头孢吡肟44.32%,替卡西林/他唑巴坦54.55%,阿米卡星56.82%,头孢哌酮46.59%,左氧氟沙星54.55%,头孢哌酮/舒巴坦6.82%,亚胺培南55.68%,头孢他啶28.41%;B型菌的耐药率高于其他各型。结论该院ICU铜绿假单胞菌血清分型以B型为主;以多重耐药菌株多见;对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦和头孢他啶耐药率较低,此两种药可作为铜绿假单胞菌感染治疗的首选药物。     

泌尿系统感染病原体及其耐药性分析

目的分析泌尿系统感染的病原体及其耐药状况。方法对2所医院2002年5月-2005年7月就诊的泌尿系统感染患者的标本分离培养所得阳性资料进行统计分析。结果共分离879株病原体,革兰阴性(G-)菌467株(53.13%),其中淋病奈瑟菌31株,G-杆菌436株,以大肠埃希菌多见(17.86%);革兰阳性(G )球菌305株(34.70%),以葡萄球菌属为主(242株);真菌48株(5.46%);支原体46株(5.23%);衣原体13株(1.48%)。G-杆菌对复方磺胺甲噁唑、氨苄西林和哌拉西林耐药率最高,>75.1%;对第一代和第二代头孢类药耐药率>31.9%;对阿米卡星和亚胺培南耐药率最低,<6.9%。G 球菌对青霉素、环丙沙星、红霉素耐药率高,>63.2%;对万古霉素敏感。结论泌尿系统感染主要病原体为大肠埃希菌、葡萄球菌属、真菌、淋病奈瑟菌、支原体和衣原体;要重视泌尿系统标本培养结果,根据药敏结果合理用药。     

攻补兼施治疗肝硬化腹水探析

肝硬化腹水成因不一,虚实错杂,变化多端。就疾病整体而言,本虚标实,乃肝、脾、肾为损,标实为气滞,血瘀,水遏三者因果导致恶性循环,正气日衰,膨胀日甚,笔者根据肝病治则,即腹水期以治水为先,勿忘行气治血,水退后以健脾补肾为主,勿忘调肝理气。使“水精四布,五经并行”。     

第3代小儿死亡危险评分和小儿危重病例评分的应用

第3代小儿死亡危险评分(pediatric risk of mortalityⅢ,PRISMⅢscore)和小儿危重病例评分(pediatric critical illnessscore,PCIS)均为生理学危重评分法。前者发表于1996年,由原PRISM评分发展而来,有17个生理参数,26个生理参数范围,是世界上应用最广泛的儿科评估病情和预后的工具。后者公布于1995年,有10项生理指标,其简便、有效、适合国情,是国内应用最广泛、有效的儿科危重评分法。二者均经过大规模临床应用验证。除评估病情和预后,还可评估ICU工作质量和效益,对比不同ICU患者状况、资源利用和管理,进行危重症临床研究。本研究对PRISMⅢ的应用及其与PCIS的进行对比研究。     

1990-2004年上海地区临床分离大肠埃希菌耐药性变迁

目的 了解临床分离大肠埃希菌对抗菌药耐药性变迁情况。方法 对1990至2004年上海地区11所医院的细菌耐药监测资料中大肠埃希菌临床分离株的耐药性变迁情况进行分析，细菌药敏采用Kirby-Bauer法。结果 临床分离大肠埃希菌33495株对21种抗菌药药敏试验结果显示，该菌对大多常用抗菌药的耐药性在15年间呈上升趋势。对氨苄西林、哌拉西林的耐药率自69．0％和30．0％分别增至85．0％和71．4％。对头孢菌素类中的头孢唑啉（24．0％-48．3％）、头孢呋辛（18．0％-45．7％）、头孢克洛（33．3％-46．8％）的耐药率均增长，尤其是头孢噻肟的耐药率自1990年的6.0％增至2004年的35．2％。对氟喹诺酮类的耐药性15年间明显增高，且各品种间呈交叉耐药，自1990年的11．0％增至2004年的55．4％。对庆大霉素的耐药率缓慢上升（44．0％-54．0％）。大肠埃希菌对四环素、氯霉素、磺胺甲晤唑／甲氧苄啶（SMZ／TMP）耐药率始终较高。头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、亚胺培南、阿米卡星、β内酰胺类／β内酰胺酶抑制剂复方、呋喃妥因则保持了对大肠埃希菌的良好抗菌活性。产超广谱B内酰胺酶（ESBL）大肠埃希菌所占比例在2000-2004年间逐渐上升，自14．7％增至36．5％，产ESBL菌株耐药性均明显高于非产ESBL者。结论 临床分离的大肠埃希菌对常用抗菌药的耐药性在1990-2004年的15年间普遍呈明显增高趋势。 床分离的大肠埃希菌对常用抗菌药的耐药性在1990--2004年的15年间普遍呈明显增高趋势。     

Abnormal illness behavior and psychiatric disorders: a study in an outpatient clinic in Japan

Abnormal illness behavior, such as hypochondriacal attitude and inappropriate treatment-seeking, has been associated with various psychiatric disorders in which patients tend to abuse medical services and seek inappropriate treatment in general practice clinics rather than psychiatric clinics. However, the relationship between illness behavior and psychiatric disorders in Japan is yet to be elucidated. We examined the abnormal illness behavior of 243 patients who visited the outpatient department of psychiatry at Saga Medical School Hospital, Saga, Japan, using a Japanese version of the Illness Behavior Questionnaire (IBQ). Multivariate analysis indicated significant association between some of the IBQ scale scores and age, sex and employment status. Patients with anxiety disorder scored higher on five of the seven IBQ scales compared with patients with another major disorder (mood disorder, schizophrenia or somatoform disorder). When compared with the IBQ scale scores reported in Australian patients in a psychiatric hospital, most of the IBQ scale scores differed significantly in our patients; a higher score among Japanese patients on the general hypochondriasis scale was most prominent. A similar trend in IBQ scale scores was also noted among Japanese patients visiting the hospital's general medicine clinic in comparison with Australian patients visiting a general practice clinic. Japanese patients with anxiety disorder may display the most salient abnormal illness behaviors among patients with psychiatric disorders. Sociocultural background may contribute to the characteristic abnormal illness behaviors of Japanese patients.