Distinct Aβ pathology in the olfactory bulb and olfactory deficits in a mouse model of Aβ and α‐syn co‐pathology

Several degenerative brain disorders such as Alzheimer''s disease (AD), Parkinson''s disease (PD) and Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) are characterized by the simultaneous appearance of amyloid‐β (Aβ) and α‐synuclein (α‐syn) pathologies and symptoms that are similar, making it difficult to differentiate between these diseases. Until now, an accurate diagnosis can only be made by postmortem analysis. Furthermore, the role of α‐syn in Aβ aggregation and the arising characteristic olfactory impairments observed during the progression of these diseases is still not well understood. Therefore, we assessed Aβ load in olfactory bulbs of APP‐transgenic mice expressing APP695 ^KM670/671NL and PSEN1 ^L166P under the control of the neuron‐specific Thy‐1 promoter (referred to here as APPPS1) and APPPS1 mice co‐expressing SNCA ^A30P (referred to here as APPPS1 × [A30P]aSYN). Furthermore, the olfactory capacity of these mice was evaluated in the buried food and olfactory avoidance test. Our results demonstrate an age‐dependent increase in Aβ load in the olfactory bulb of APP‐transgenic mice that go along with exacerbated olfactory performance. Our study provides clear evidence that the presence of α‐syn significantly diminished the endogenous and seed‐induced Aβ deposits and significantly ameliorated olfactory dysfunction in APPPS1 × [A30P]aSYN mice.     

低场MRI在四肢木、竹类异物诊治中的应用

目的：探讨低场 MRI在四肢木、竹类异物诊治中的应用价值。方法：回顾性分析本院2007年－2013年行MRI检查并经手术探查取出四肢木、竹类异物的15例患者（27块异物）的临床和 MRI 资料,15例均行 SE T1 WI、FSE T2 WI、STIR及GRE T2*WI扫描,分析比较4种序列对异物及周围改变的显示情况。结果：15例患者的27块异物中,SE T1 WI显示13块,FSE T2 WI显示22块,STIR显示27块,GRE T2*WI显示26块。FSE T2 WI、STIR、GRE T2*WI对异物显示率高于SE T1 WI。SE T1 WI对出血的显示率高于FSE T2 WI。SE T1 WI 和GRE T2*WI 对挫伤的显示率均低于FSE T2 WI和STIR。结论：MRI是检出四肢木、竹类异物十分有效的方法,STIR和GRE T2*WI是检出异物最敏感的序列,STIR是显示异物周围改变最敏感的序列,综合运用多种序列可提高异物的检出率,为避免漏诊、误诊应行双侧对比检查。     

肝切除时门静脉血部分动脉化的研究

目的 研究犬门静脉血部分动脉化的肝保护作用。方法 建立大保留肝（占全肝６０％）暂时性血流阻断、肝固有动脉切断并切除未阻断肝的急性肝衰模型（对照组）,并行肝总动脉与胃十二指肠静脉吻合（Ａ－Ｐ组）,观察生存率并定时测定丙氨酸转氨酶（ＡＬＴ）、动脉血酮体比（ＡＫＢＲ）及肝动脉脉、门静脉血气分析。结果 对照组７天生存率为３７．５％,Ａ－Ｐ组均较差异有非常显著性（Ｐ〈０．０１）,门静脉和肝静脉血氧分压均较术     

Comparison of capillary blood ketone measurement by electrochemical method and urinary ketone in treatment of diabetic ketosis and ketoacidosis in children

We aimed to compare the recent practical method of capillary β-hydroxy butyrate (βOHB) measurement with the widely used urinary ketone measurement in monitoring metabolic status of the patient during treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and diabetic ketosis (DK). Patients with DKA and DK admitted to the hospital were followed with simultaneous measurements of capillary βOHB by electrochemical method (Medisense Optium, Abbott), and urinary ketone by semi-quantitative method. Blood gases were measured in 2–4 h intervals. Fourteen patients with DKA/DK (7 males and 7 females, age: 9.2 ± 4.2 years) were included with 50 simultaneous measurements of capillary and urinary ketone. No correlation was detected between urinary ketone and blood pH (P = 0.06) and HCO₃ (P = 0.79), whereas a significant negative correlation was found between capillary βOHB and blood pH (r = −0.41, P < 0.05) and HCO₃ (r = −0.35, P < 0.05). Capillary βOHB and urinary ketone levels did not correlate at the beginning and 3.3 ± 1.4 h after treatment, but did correlate in the third samples taken 7.8 ± 2.0 h after treatment (r = 0.8, P < 0.05). Capillary βOHB levels show good correlation with the degree of acidosis (pH and HCO₃). Capillary βOHB measurement is more sensitive than urinary ketone measurement in reflecting the patient’s metabolic status and improvement during treatment.     

Ketogenic Effects of Multiple Doses of a Medium Chain Triglycerides Enriched Ketogenic Formula in Healthy Men under the Ketogenic Diet: A Randomized,Double-Blinded,Placebo-Controlled Study

Ketogenic diets, which are carbohydrate-restricted high-fat diets, may have therapeutic effects on various diseases, including cancer. However, ketogenic diets are often not standardized and, therefore, results are difficult to interpret. We previously investigated the usefulness of ketogenic diets in cancer therapy, where ketogenic formulas (KF) were used as supplements to enhance blood ketone bodies; however, the amount of KF was determined empirically with reference to blood ketone bodies levels. Here, to determine a standardized optimal amount of KF, we investigated temporal changes in blood ketone bodies (acetoacetic acid (AcAc), β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB)) and safety in 20 healthy individuals when KF was taken repeatedly under the conditions of a ketogenic diet (UMIN000034216). The diurnal variation in total ketone bodies, and AcAc and BHB levels significantly increased after lunch and after dinner, on the 4th day of KF administration. There were no significant safety issues related to KF in the context of anthropometric, metabolic, nutritional, urological and gastrointestinal parameters. In addition, ketogenic diets lead to changes in gut microbiota. KF showed a decrease in phylum Firmicutes. Our study provides baseline data of the usefulness of KF in a ketogenic diet.     

Surgical management of late bullet embolization from the abdomen to the right ventricle: Case report

IntroductionSecondary embolus from gun projectile is a rare entity, it represents a clinical and therapeutic dilemma because the potential complications involving central and peripheral circulation. Each case reported in the literature represents a challenge because their unique and different clinical scenarios.Presentation of caseWe present the management of a 33-year-old man with past history of a gunshot wound on left flank with no evidence of any exit wounds, treated with exploratory laparotomy without removing the gunshot bullet from the abdomen. The patient presents 6 years later with non-productive cough and retrosternal pain with no other symptoms; the patient underwent a chest x-ray, electrocardiogram, thoracoabdominal CT, echocardiogram and cardiac catheterization and showed a bullet in the right ventricular floor. The projectile was extracted by sternotomy with extracorporeal circulation through the right atrium, without any complications.DiscussionIn 1834, Thomas David reported for the first time a wood-fragment embolization. There have been reported less than 200 cases including embolization of other materials; most of the gunshot bullet embolization cases reported on literature were reported after war. Clinical manifestations are associated with the anatomical site of embolism and mortality rate for a retained bullet is 6% associated with complication in 25% of cases. Mortality rate decreases to 1–2% if the bullet is removed.ConclusionThere are no established guidelines about the management of migrating foreign bodies or bullets, however, conservative, endovascular and surgical management have been proposed. In the cases of bullet embolization to the thoracic cavity, surgery represents a safe, low risk approach with high success rates.     

Urinary Excretion of Aminoacetone following Administration of L-Threonine in Man

A glucose diet and complete starvation resulted in a 30–40 per cent decrease of the urinary aminoacetone in man, whereas the excretion of δ-amino-levulinic acid remained unchanged. Oral and parenteral administration of L-threonine significantly enhanced the urinary excretion of aminoacetone. Threonine loading also produced a slight increase in the excretion of glycine, but no change in the excretion of δ-aminolevulinic acid.     

七氟醚麻醉在小儿气道异物取出术中的应用

[目的]探讨七氟醚麻醉在小儿气道异物取出术中的应用效果.[方法]随机选取患儿34例,男18例,女16例,年龄1～3岁,体重9～15kg,ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级,病程8～48 h,分为七氟醚组（S组）和氯胺酮组（K组）,每组17例.S组吸入8%七氟醚诱导,持续吸入4%～6%七氟醚维持;K组静注氯胺酮1～2 mg/kg诱导,麻醉深度不够时单次静脉追加氯胺酮1 mg/kg.监测患入室时、置镜前、置镜后、术中、退镜后、苏醒时各时间点的平均动脉压（MAP）、心率（HR）、脉搏血氧饱和度（SpO2）、呼吸频率（RR）等指标,观察患儿诱导期、维持期、苏醒期不良反应.[结果]K组患儿置镜前、后MAP、HR 、RR较S组高.K组麻醉诱导时间较S组短,但苏醒时间较S组长（P〈0.05）.两组均未发生呼吸抑制.术中S组有4例呛咳、3例屏气,K组有3例呛咳、5例屏气,苏醒期S组有3例舌后坠、1例喉水肿;K组有5例舌后坠、3例喉水肿、2例恶心呕吐;两组不良反应的发生率差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）.[结论]七氟醚麻醉可安全有效的应用于小儿气道异物取出术.     

A unique case of ovarian psammocarcinoma with mediastinal,pulmonary, subcutaneous,and omental metastases

Psammocarcinoma is a rare form of serous ovarian and peritoneal carcinoma, characterized by abundant psammoma bodies, invasiveness, and low-grade cytological features. Many of the cases which have been reported had extraovarian spread and peritoneal seeding at the time of presentation. We present a case of 45-year-old woman with ovarian psammocarcinoma who initially presented with a metastatic subcutaneous nodule, and was found to have pulmonary and mediastinal metastases. We believe this to be the first report of a psammocarcinoma with these metastases. Ovarian and peritoneal psammocarcinomas are quite rare, and because of this, knowledge of their behavior is limited. Although most seem to follow an indolent course similar to that of borderline lesions of the ovary, this case demonstrates that some of these tumors may be clinically aggressive with distant metastases.