舟山市286名幼儿内外向人格特征影响因素的主成分分析

【目的】 探讨舟山市幼儿内外向人格特征形成的环境影响因素,为进一步促进幼儿的健全人格提供一定的科学依据。 【方法】 采用艾森克个性问卷(幼儿版)和相关影响因素的调查表,对整群抽样获得的286名幼儿进行人格测定及可能的影响因素的流行病学调查;并采用因子分析和多因素回归分析法对数据进行统计学处理。 【结果】 影响海岛幼儿性格特点的主要因素有四方面,第一主成分包括幼儿父母的年龄和生育年龄,第二主成分是母亲文化程度和职业,第三主成分是母亲在孕期的出血史和分娩方式,第四主成分是家庭经济收入。 【结论】 幼儿父母的年龄和生育年龄、母亲文化程度和职业、母亲在孕期的出血史和分娩方式、以及家庭经济收入是影响海岛幼儿内外向人格特征的主要因素。     

Altered functional connectivity between the insula and the cingulate cortex in patients with temporomandibular disorder: a pilot study

Background.— Among the most common chronic pain conditions, yet poorly understood, are temporomandibular disorders (TMDs), with a prevalence estimate of 3‐15% for Western populations. Although it is increasingly acknowledged that central nervous system mechanisms contribute to pain amplification and chronicity in TMDs, further research is needed to unravel neural correlates that might abet the development of chronic pain. Objective.— The insular cortex (IC) and cingulate cortex (CC) are both critically involved in the experience of pain. The current study sought specifically to investigate IC–CC functional connectivity in TMD patients and healthy controls (HCs), both during resting state and during the application of a painful stimulus. Methods.— Eight patients with TMD, and 8 age‐ and sex‐matched HCs were enrolled in the present study. Functional magnetic resonance imaging data during resting state and during the performance of a pressure pain stimulus to the temple were acquired. Predefined seed regions were placed in the IC (anterior and posterior insular cortices) and the extracted signal was correlated with brain activity throughout the whole brain. Specifically, we were interested whether TMD patients and HCs would show differences in IC–CC connectivity, both during resting state and during the application of a painful stimulus to the face. Results.— As a main finding, functional connectivity analyses revealed an increased functional connectivity between the left anterior IC and pregenual anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in TMD patients, during both resting state and applied pressure pain. Within the patient group, there was a negative correlation between the anterior IC–ACC connectivity and clinical pain intensity as measured by a visual analog scale. Conclusions.— Since the pregenual region of the ACC is critically involved in antinociception, we hypothesize that an increase in anterior IC–ACC connectivity is indicative of an adaptation of the pain modulatory system early in the chronification process. (Headache 2012;52:441‐454)     

Granger causality analysis implementation on MATLAB: a graphic user interface toolkit for fMRI data processing

A lot of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have indicated that Granger causality analysis (GCA) is a suitable method to reveal causal effect among brain regions. Based on another MATLAB GUI toolkit, Resting State fMRI Data Analysis Toolkit (REST), we implemented GCA on MATLAB as a graphical user interface (GUI) toolkit. This toolkit, namely REST-GCA, could output both the residual-based F and the signed-path coefficient. REST-GCA also intergrates a programme that could transform the distribution of residual-based F to approximately normal distribution and then permit parametric statistical inference at group level. Using REST-GCA, we tested the causal effect of the right frontal-insular cortex (rFIC) onto each voxel in the whole brain, and vice versa, each voxel in the whole brain on the rFIC, in a voxel-wise way in a resting-state fMRI dataset from 30 healthy college students. Using Jarque-Bera goodness-of-fit test and the Lilliefors goodness-of-fit test, we found that the transformation from F to F′ and the further standardization from F′ to Z score substantially improved the normality. The results of one sample t-tests on Z score showed bi-directional positive causal effect between rFIC and the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC). One sample t-tests on the signed-path coefficients showed positive causal effect from rFIC to dACC but negative from dACC to rFIC. All these results indicate that REST-GCA may be useful toolkit for caudal analysis of fMRI data.     

A neurobehavioral evolutionary perspective on the mechanisms underlying empathy

In mammals, empathy is crucial for living in social groups and caring for others. In this paper, we consider the structural and functional organization of empathy. We propose that empathy subsumes a variety of neurobiological processes and partially dissociable information processing subsystems, each of which has a unique evolutionary history. Even the most advanced and flexible forms of empathy in humans are built on more basic forms and remain connected to core subcortical and neurohormonal mechanisms associated with affective communication, parental care and social attachment processes. Considering empathy within a framework that recognizes both the continuities and the changes within a phylogenetic perspective provides a richer understanding of empathy and related neurobehavioral processes.     

Profiles of DARPP-32 in the insular cortex with schizophrenia: a postmortem brain study

In patients with schizophrenia, various physical disorders are sometimes discovered only when they have reached a later and more severe stage. This phenomenon is believed to be caused, at least in part, by an increase in pain threshold. The gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic and glutamatergic systems in the rostral agranular insular cortex (RAIC) are thought to be involved in the regulation of pain threshold. However, no postmortem studies of the cerebral cortex have previously been published. Dopamine and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein 32 kD (DARPP-32), which is involved in the GABAergic and glutamatergic systems, is considered to be crucial for elucidating the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.Using specific antibodies, we conducted immunohistochemical examinations of the RAIC in 10 subjects from a healthy control group, and 11 subjects from a schizophrenia group. The sex, age, and postmortem interval (PMI) of the schizophrenia group were matched to those of the healthy control group. We revealed that the density of DARPP-32-immunoreactive (IR) neurons in the II and III layers of the RAIC was significantly decreased (p < 0.05) in the schizophrenia group compared with the healthy control group. Our findings could partially explain the molecular basis of the pain threshold abnormalities found in patients with schizophrenia.     

The acute and chronic effects of combined antipsychotic-mood stabilizing treatment on the expression of cortical and striatal postsynaptic density genes

The detection of changes in postsynaptic gene expression after the administration of mood stabilizers, alone or in combination with antipsychotics, and antidepressants in animal models of drug treatment, may represent a valuable strategy to explore the molecular targets of the mainstay treatments for bipolar disorder. In this study we investigated, in both acute and chronic paradigms, the expression of specific postsynaptic density genes (Homer1a, Homer1b/c, and PSD95) and genes putatively implicated in mood stabilizers mechanism of action (GSK3b, ERK) after administration of first (haloperidol) or second generation antipsychotics (quetiapine 30 mg/kg), alone or in combination with valproate. Moreover, we compared the effects of an antidepressant agent widely used in bipolar depression (citalopram) with a low dose of quetiapine (15 mg/kg), which has been demonstrated to display antidepressant action in bipolar depression.In striatal regions, Homer1a expression was strongly induced by haloperidol compared to all the other treatments. Haloperidol plus valproate also markedly induced Homer1a, but to a significant lesser extent than haloperidol alone. Also in the chronic paradigm haloperidol, but not haloperidol plus valproate, induced Homer1a expression in all the subregions of the caudate-putamen and in the nucleus accumbens core. The high dose of quetiapine significantly induced Homer1a in anterior cingulated, premotor and motor subregions of the cortex, and the extent of induction was significantly higher as compared to the lower dose. Oppositely, Homer1a expression was decreased in the cortex by citalopram acute administration.ERK gene was upregulated in cortex and striatum by the acute treatment with valproate and with the combination of haloperidol or quetiapine plus valproate, whereas no significant differences were noticed in GSK3b expression among treatments. PSD95 showed a significant upregulation by acute citalopram and by haloperidol plus valproate in both cortical and subcortical regions. Haloperidol and quetiapine 30 mg/kg, oppositely, significantly reduced the expression of the gene in the cortex.In conclusion, these results suggest that the combined treatment with a typical or an atypical antipsychotic plus valproate may induce differential modulation of postsynaptic genes expression when compared to the effects of these drugs individually administered.     

Medioventral part of the posterior thalamus in the mouse

The posterior thalamus (Po) consists of heterogeneous groups of cells, which have not been clearly defined. In the present study, we focused on a part of the Po in the mouse brain, which is located caudally to the ventral posterior nucleus and rostromedially to the medial geniculate nucleus and shows distinct calretinin immunoreactivity. While we found the region had a considerable unity on the cytoarchitectural and histochemical grounds, it did not correspond to any particular nucleus but partially involved three structures in a widely used brain atlas (Franklin and Paxinos, 2008). Therefore, we tentatively designated the region as the medioventral part of the posterior thalamus (PoMV) and examined its anatomical features with immunohistochemistry and retrograde tract-tracing. The PoMV was appreciated as a reticular structure with prominent calretinin immunoreactivity, especially in horizontal sections, and displayed apparent differences in the cytoarchitecture from its surrounding regions. The PoMV had two divisions: the dorsal division (PoMVd), which contained parvalbuminimmunoreactive fibers, and the ventral division (PoMVv), which lacked these fibers. The tract-tracing studies showed that the somata retrogradely labeled from the injections in the insular cortex and some of the extended amygdalar regions were fairly concentrated within the PoMV, especially in the PoMVd. On the other hand, the labeling from the medial hypothalamus injections was found predominantly within the PoMVv. These findings indicate that the PoMV can be regarded as a distinct structure within the Po, and it may play a role in the emotional aspect of somatosensory processing.     

神经导航下岛叶胶质瘤的显微手术治疗

目的探讨切除岛叶胶质瘤而又不伤及周边正常结构的显微手术技巧。方法回顾性分析2008年9月～2011年10月我院手术治疗的16例患者,神经导航下经侧裂入路显微手术切除并经病理确诊的岛叶胶质瘤的术中技巧,总结术中重要血管的保护、周边正常结构的确认及保护。结果本组经手术全切肿瘤10例,次全切4例,部分切除2例。结论神经导航下经侧裂入路的显微手术,可最大程度地暴露肿瘤与其周围结构的解剖关系,从而达到术中尽可能切除肿瘤而同时保护周边正常结构的目的。     

Decreased density of serotonin 2A receptors in the superior temporal gyrus in schizophrenia-a postmortem study

The superior temporal gyrus (STG) is strongly implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, particularly with regards to auditory hallucinations. In this study, using in situ quantitative autoradiography in postmortem tissue, we investigated the binding of the [³H]ketanserin to 5-HT_2A receptors and [³H]mesulergine to 5-HT_2C receptors in the left STG of 8 male schizophrenic patients compared to 8 control subjects. A strong [³H]ketanserin binding was observed in the STG, however there was a very weak [³H]mesulergine binding in the STG. A significant decrease in binding of [³H]ketanserin was clearly observed in schizophrenia patients in comparison with control subjects. There were no significant correlations between 5-HT_2A binding density and age, postmortem intervals, or brain pH. These results suggest that the alterations of the 5-HT_2A receptors contribute to the pathophysiology of the STG in schizophrenia. Furthermore, there is a clear tendency for a positive correlation between 5-HT_2A and muscarinic M1 receptor bindings, and for negative correlations between 5-HT_2A and GABA_A receptor bindings and between muscarinic M1 and GABA_A receptor bindings. This provides a possible mechanism of auditory hallucinations through interactions between 5-HT_2A, acetylcholine muscarinic and GABA transmissions in the STG in schizophrenia.     

经侧裂入路显微手术治疗岛叶胶质瘤

目的探讨经侧裂入路显微手术治疗岛叶胶质瘤的效果及并发症。方法 19例岛叶胶质瘤采用侧裂入路肿瘤切除,对疗效及并发症进行回顾性分析。结果 19例患者中全切14例,3例次全切,2例部分切除。术后13例患者恢复良好,2例轻瘫,癫痫发作3例,脑梗死1例,无死亡患者。结论经侧裂入路效果良好,术后并发症少,可以作为岛叶胶质瘤优选的手术入路选择。