甲状腺全切除术治疗分化型甲状腺癌（附72例）

目的：探讨甲状腺全切除术治疗分化型甲状腺癌安全性的相关因素。方法：回顾性分析本院2002年1月至2010年1月期间72例甲状腺全切术治疗分化型甲状腺癌的病历资料,分析甲状旁腺功能减退和喉返神经损伤的发生情况。结果：甲状旁腺功能减退发生与再次手术、原发肿瘤腺体外侵犯、中央区淋巴结转移有关,与是否行颈清无关;喉返神经的损伤与上述因素无关。结论：影响甲状腺全切术治疗分化型甲状腺癌安全性的相关因素有：手术次数、原发肿瘤腺体外侵犯和中央区淋巴结转移。     

Algorithm for safe and effective reoperative thyroid bed surgery for recurrent/persistent papillary thyroid carcinoma

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to review our experience with reoperative thyroid bed surgery (RTBS) for recurrent/persistent papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), and present an algorithm for safe and effective RTBS. METHODS: This is a retrospective study. Records of 33 consecutive patients who underwent RTBS for recurrent/persistent PTC in a previously operated thyroid bed, and were operated upon by the senior author (R.P.T.) July 2001 to January 2006 were reviewed. Reports of the pre- and post-RTBS serum thyroglobulin (TG) levels, the high-resolution thyroid bed ultrasound examination, pre-RTBS FNA cytopathology, as well as the post-RTBS final histopathology were reviewed. Recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) monitoring was used for all patients. Reports of the intra-RTBS condition of the RLN and any reported surgical complications were reviewed. In addition, reports of the pre- and post-RTBS fiberoptic laryngoscopy as well as pre- and post-RTBS serum calcium levels were reviewed. RESULTS: In our study, 33 consecutive patients underwent RTBS for recurrent/persistent PTC with or without lateral neck dissection. In 30 patients, recurrent/persistent PTC was suspected because of rising serum TG levels, interpreted in conjunction with serum anti-TG-antibody titers by the endocrinology service at our institution. Three patients had serum anti-TG antibodies and their disease was detected and FNA confirmed by a regularly scheduled surveillance ultrasound examination. All patients underwent pre-RTBS high-resolution thyroid bed ultrasound examination and FNA for all suspicious masses. All patients had FNA-confirmed PTC in the thyroid bed. All patients had detailed diagrams localizing areas of FNA-confirmed PTC in the thyroid bed provided to the surgeon. In all study patients, post-RTBS histopathologic findings confirmed sites of recurrent/persistent PTC determined by pre-RTBS US guided FNA. All RLNs (53/53) that were at risk were successfully identified. In 3 patients, the RLN was electively resected because of the envelopment by a large paratracheal mass or tumor densely adherent to the RLN insertion point at the cricothyroid region. There was no incidence of unexpected RLN injury, permanent hypocalcemia, or any other surgery-related complication. Post-RTBS serum TG levels were significantly decreased or undetectable in most patients (2 patients had concurrent lung metastases), when compared with pre-RTBS levels. No patient exhibited thyroid bed recurrent/persistent PTC in the post-RTBS period based on semiannual high resolution neck ultrasound examination with a median follow-up of 2 years. CONCLUSIONS: Safe and effective RTBS is based on a multidisciplinary approach that enables the identification and localization of recurrent/persistent PTC. The surgical algorithm for RTBS described, provides a pathway that all endocrine-head and neck surgeons can comfortably utilize to treat this complex and challenging patient population.     

大剂量普通维生素D和活性维生素D治疗甲状旁腺功能减退症的有效性和安全性比较

目的 比较大剂量普通维生素D和活性维生素D治疗甲状旁腺功能减退症的有效性和安全性.方法 将60例甲状旁腺功能减退症患者根据随机数字表法分为对照组与观察组,各30例.对照组给予活性维生素D,观察组给予大剂量普通维生素D.比较两组的实验室指标、临床疗效及不良反应发生情况.结果治疗后,两组的血钙水平、钙磷乘积均升高,血磷、全...     

Hypoparathyroidism in transfusion-dependent patients with β-thalassemia

Hypoparathyroidism is thought to be a rare consequence of iron overload seen in β-thalassemic transfused patients. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of hypoparathyroidism in a large number of β-thalassemic patients, and its potential correlation with the presence of other endocrinopathies caused by iron overload. Serum and urine biochemical parameters were measured in 243 thalassemic patients (136 females and 107 males) in order to determine the prevalence of hypoparathyroidism and evaluate bone turnover. The patients were divided into two groups according to the presence of hypoparathyroidism. We compared the prevalence of other endocrinopathies and disease complications in the two groups. Hypoparathyroidism was detected in 13.5% of the patients (33 subjects; 17 males and 16 females). Serum-intact parathyroid hormone, and total and ionized calcium were significantly lower, while phosphorus was significantly higher in thalassemic patients with hypoparathyroidism. The reduction in BMD was more prominent in normal thalassemic patients (Z score = −2.246 ± 0.97) compared with those with hypoparathyroidism (Z score = −1.975 ± 0.89), although the difference was not statistically significant. Disturbed glucose metabolism was more common in patients with hypoparathyroidism (P < 0.05). In addition, heart dysfunction was statistically more frequent in this group (odds ratio = 2.51, P < 0.05). Hypoparathyroidism is a not infrequently observed complication in thalassemic patients. Since the concentration of ferritin is not a valuable tool in the prediction of the development of hypoparathyroidism, parathyroid function should be tested periodically, particularly when other iron overload-associated complications occur.     

特发性甲状旁腺功能减退症的神经精神表现

目的探讨特发性甲状旁腺功能减退症神经精神表现的临床特征.方法对48例特发性甲状旁腺功能减退症患者进行回顾性总结,分析其所并发的神经精神表现及对治疗的反应.结果特发性甲状旁腺功能减退症最常见的神经精神症状依次为记忆力减退(47.9%)、癫痫发作(33.3%)、情感障碍(25%)和智能障碍(25%);较少见的有锥体外系症状(10.4%)、行为异常(4.2%)、四肢无力(4.2%)、痴呆(2.1%)和谵妄(2.1%)等.经补充钙剂、维生素D以及对症治疗,症状大部分可缓解.结论特发性甲状旁腺功能减退症的神经精神症状广泛,发生率较高,其发生与低血钙有关,疗效较好.     

Reversible peripheral neuropathy in idiopathic hypoparathyroidism

We describe a 40-year-old male with idiopathic hypoparathyroidism presenting with tetany, proximal weakness, signs of hypocalcaemia including Chvostek and Trousseau's and diminished tendon reflexes in the upper and lower limbs. Electrophysiological studies revealed a sensory-motor neuropathy, predominantly axonal as evidenced by decreased CMAP amplitudes, with normal distal latencies-velocites, except for median nerve where a prolonged distal latency was observed. Serial nerve conduction studies were performed at repeated intervals for 2 years, while he received treatment for hypoparathyroidism (calcium and vitamin D supplementation). A progressive improvement in neuropathy both clinical and on electrophysiological studies was observed. Occurrence of peripheral neuropathy in hypocalcaemic states such as hypoparathyroidism and its reversibility after normalization of calcium homeostasis lend proof to the role of critical Ca2+ ion concentration in the normal functioning of the peripheral axons.