成都地区627例健康成人血脂、HDL-C及LDL-C含量的测定

1985年11月～1986年6月,作者对成都地区627例20岁以上健康成人血清甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白-胆固回(HDL-C)及低密度脂蛋白-胆固醇(LDL-C)进行了测定,其结果为:TG 105.7±40.6,TC 172.0±34.6,HDL-C 57.3±12.3,LDL-C 92.7±32.9 mg/dl,均呈正态分布;均有随年龄增长的趋势,其中HDL-C 含量女性明显高于男性(P<0.01),TG和TC与1973年506例健康成人结果比较,未见明显差异。     

Relation between bladder filling and anal sphincter reflexes

The effect of bladder filling on the threshold of the perianally elicited anal reflex and the anal reflex elicited by peripheral stimulation of the lower limbs has been studied in seven patients with hyperactive bladder and detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia and in seven normal controls. No changes were found in the perinally elicited reflex, while the minimal peripheral stimulus necessary for eliciting a reflex changed in both groups but in opposite directions. These observations show that the different anal reflexes use different spinal pathways and that the central control of the interaction between detrusor and sphincters is exerted on the pathway used by the peripheral reflex. These findings, moreover, call for a thorough standardization of the conditions of investigation.     

Effect of cimetidine and ranitidine on the hepatic and renal elimination of nicotine in humans

Summary In a randomized, double-blind, cross-over experiment, 6 healthy consenting male subjects were administered cimetidine 600 mg or ranitidine 300 mg or placebo p.o. q12h×2 days. Nicotine bitartrate was administered i.v. on day 2 (1 ug/kg/min)×30 min.After cimetidine mean nicotine total and metabolic clearances were decreased by 30% and 27% while after ranitidine the clearances were decreased by 10% and 7% respectively.Since smokers regulate their smoke intake based in large part on their nicotine blood levels these results suggest that the diminished nicotine total clearance in the presence of cimetidine could be important in assisting smoking reduction or cessation.The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Addiction Research Foundation     

Knowledge development and evaluation in, of and for Healthy Community initiatives. Part II: potential content foci

In this second paper of a two-part series, several options forevaluation and knowledge development in, of and for HealthyCommunities (HC) are reviewed, through an examination of thedifferent bases upon which it might be structured. The dimensionsreviewed include using the following as potential yardsticksfor evaluation: (i) results of community visioning exercises;(ii) HC principles, concepts and strategies; (iii) barriersand facilitating factors in the movement between stages of projectdevelopment/realization; (iv) sector and unit analysis; (v)proximal and distal outcomes; and (vi) viewing the HC approachas a community health development strategy. While other elementsmight well be added, the discussion is meant to provide an indicationof the range of possibilities available rather than serve asa definitive or exhaustive listing. Nor are these mutually exclusive,in so far as particular knowledge development initiatives mayexplore several of these issues or frameworks in combination.In keeping with Part I, the importance of maintaining flexibility,of broad local participation, of critical reflection, and ofa grounding in local practice-based conceptual models is emphasized.     

The pharmacokinetics after intravenous and oral administration in man of theα 2-adrenoreceptor antagonist idazoxan (RX781094)

Summary A high performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for the quantitative determination of idazoxan in plasma. The assay was used to study the disposition of the drug after intravenous infusion and oral administration to five normal subjects. After i.v. administration the kinetics could be described by a two compartment model with a mean elimination half life of 4.20 h. The mean calculated volume of distribution during the elimination phase was 3.20 l/kg^–1 and the mean plasma clearance was 824 ml min^–1.After oral administration a lag period before onset of absorption was observed in all five volunteers, the plasma levels declining monoexponentially from the peak concentration with a mean elimination half life of 5.58 h. The absolute availability varied between 26% and 41% with a mean value of 34%. Invitro measurements produced a blood/plasma ratio of 1.3 for idazoxan.     

Assessment of the systemic effects of inhaled glucocorticosteroids: the influence of blood sampling technique and frequency on plasma cortisol and leucocytes

Summary Twelve healthy males (mean age 27.6 y, range 23–35 y) took part in a randomized, double-blind, crossover study of the effect of blood sampling technique (separate isolated venepunctures vs use of an IV cannula) and frequency (overnight vs morning) on plasma cortisol and white blood cell count after inhalation of a single dose of budesonide 3.2 mg or placebo, in order to establish the more sensitive method for future use.Sampling technique and frequency affected neither leucocytes nor plasma or urinary cortisol. Budesonide suppressed both plasma and urine free cortisol and delayed the nocturnal rise due to the circadian rhythm, thus reducing the AUC of plasma cortisol vs time.Lymphocytes, eosinophils and monocytes were decreased and neutrophils and total white blood cells were increased by the high dose of budesonide used. Lymphocytes and neutrophils showed significant changes earlier than eosinophils and cortisol and may be the variables of choice under certain conditions.Frequent sampling gave more complete information about the systemic effect of the drug than single morning samples.     

Pharmacological activity and safety of trandolapril (RU 44570) in healthy volunteers

Summary The pharmacological activity and safety of the new angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor trandolapril (RU 44570) has been evaluated in ten healthy male volunteers given 2 mg once daily for seven days. Assessment criteria included evaluation of plasma ACE and renin activity and aldosterone levels in the supine and standing positions, monitoring of blood pressure, heart rate and electrocardiogram, routine blood and urine laboratory tests, and evaluation of adverse effects.Plasma ACE activity (both in the supine and standing positions) was significantly lower after the first dose and was almost completely suppressed after 7 days of treatment. Plasma renin activity with the subjects in both positions was significantly increased at the end of treatment. Plasma aldosterone did not vary significantly, except for an increase in the standing position after 7 days of washout. No significant changes occurred in blood pressure, heart rate, electrocardiogram, blood or urine laboratory tests. No adverse effects were reported, in particular, no orthostatic hypotension, cough or episodes of bronchospasm occurred.It is concluded that oral trandolapril 2 mg o.d. is an effective and long-lasting ACE inhibitor with a good safety profile on repeated dosing. Further studies are warranted to investigate its therapeutic application as well as its safety profile after long-term administration.     

Synthetic human growth hormone releasing factor (h-GRF-I-44-NH2) dose response effect on growth hormone and prolactin secretion in healthy adult men

Summary The dose-effect relationship of an i.v. bolus of synthetic h-GRF-44 on growth-hormone and prolactin secretion has been studied. Seven healthy adult volunteers received in a random order h-GRF-44 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40 and 80 µg and a placebo. Plasma growth hormone (GH) was determined between 30 min before and 240 min after injection, the area under the curve (AUC) and the peak GH level being used to assess the response. For both parameters a dose-effect relationship was observed. Doses as low as 2.5 µg were capable of eliciting a rise in GH plasma levels in few patients. Above 40 µg the dose-effect curves tended to plateau, although the decrease in the slope of the dose-effect curve at the peak was more marked. Intersubject variability was large, so precise determination of the minimal effective dose as well as the lowest dose giving a maximal effect was not possible. The available evidence suggests that the i.v. dose of synthetic h-GRF-44 (SR 95228) which is likely to promote GH release into the blood stream in most healthy adults is within the range 40–100 µg. In these healthy adults unwanted effects were infrequent with these low doses. Unlike previous experience with higher doses of another synthetic h-GRF-44, prolactin secretion in this study was not affected.     

Safety and tolerance of single oral doses of trandolapril (RU 44.570), a new angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor

Summary The safety and tolerance of single oral doses of a new angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, trandolapril have been examined in 90 healthy male volunteers, in a randomised, double blind, placebo-controlled study. The subjects were divided into 10 groups, each of 9 subjects and treatments (6 subjects on trandolapril and 3 on placebo per group) were allocated by unbalanced randomisation. Ten single, increasing oral doses were tested: 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24 and 32 mg. The assessment criteria were clinical (monitoring of blood pressure, heart and respiratory rate, electrocardiogram, temperature and evaluation of behaviour and side effects) and routine laboratory tests.Blood pressure did not fall except for a slight drop in diastolic pressure during the first 4 h following the 32-mg dose. However, although an effect of the compound cannot be excluded, the reduction in blood pressure may have reflected intersubject variability. No orthostatic hypotension was observed. There was no change in the other vital signs, and in particular no increase in heart rate was observed. No serious adverse effect was encountered.The pharmacological activity of the compound was studied by assaying plasma ACE activity. Inhibition of ACE was linearly dose-dependant from 0 (placebo) to 2 mg, and above that dose, the inhibition was nearly total. ACE activity was markedly reduced within 30 min after administration of trandolapril, and maximal inhibition was observed from 2–4 h onwards, lasting for up to 24 h after dosing. For doses above 2 mg, inhibition was still 40% of the basal activity on Day 8 after dosing.     

A Comparative Analysis of Commercial Software for Signal-Averaged Electrocardiography

Background: Lack of standardization of software algorithms to identify the end of QRS for time-domain analysis of the signal-averaged electrocardiogram may limit the comparison of results obtained with different machines. Methods: To study this problem, 50 normal volunteers underwent signal-averaged electrocardiogram with ART 1200 EPX and Corazonix Predictor units in random sequence, collecting an equal number of beats. Data were analyzed with five different commercial softwares by ART and Corazonix. Results: Comparison of QRS duration, duration of low amplitude signals, and root mean square voltage of last 40 ms of QRS at two high-pass filter settings (25 and 40 Hz) showed significant differences among softwares. Conclusions: Standardization of software for time-domain analysis of the signal averaged electrocardiogram is warranted; until then, normal values for signal averaged electrocardiogram parameters will have to be appropriately selected for each study, according to the software utilized.