医科大学生热能需要量探讨

为探讨我国八十年代医科大学生热能需要量,选择宁夏医学院三、四年级男女生为对象,采用一日活动记录法及膳食称重法计算其每日热能消耗量与热能摄入量。结果发现男生摄入量与消耗量基本平衡,介于我国成年男子中、轻体力劳动供能标准2,600～3,000千卡之间,符合我国营养学界公认看法。女生耗能略低于成年女子轻体力劳动供能标准2,400千卡,而摄入热能明显低于一日活动耗能。身高体重测量结果,女生体重均值属正常范围偏低。女生热能摄入不足的主要原因是主食摄入过少;分析一日活动内容,女生体育活动时间明显少于男生,这也是其热能消耗较低的重要原因,若每日能有30min以上体育活动,将有效地提高热能消耗与促进热能摄入,增进健康。     

上海市静安区小学生零食消费及其与家长知识态度关系

目的了解上海市静安区小学生的零食消费现状及零食消费不良习惯与家长相关知识、态度的关系,为培养小学生良好的饮食习惯提供依据。方法整群抽取上海市静安区一至五年级1 446名小学生家长进行自填式问卷调查。结果 90.9%的小学生有吃零食的习惯,零食主要由家长、家里人或其他成年人购买(91.9%);仅有32.1%的小学生能坚持每次吃零食前洗手;每天都吃的零食主要是纯牛奶/酸奶(68.2%)和新鲜水果蔬菜(61.3%),也有少数人每天吃糖果(2.4%)或膨化食品(0.8%)。小学生零食消费行为的好坏与家长相关知识态度有关,具有零食消费不良习惯的小学生,其家长的知识态度得分较低(趋于不健康)。结论小学生的零食消费行为有待改善,须同时加强对学生及家长的宣传教育,指导他们合理选择和消费零食。     

浙江省中学生饮食相关行为调查

目的了解浙江省中学生饮食习惯状况,为评价及干预中学生的饮食行为提供科学依据。方法采用多阶段随机整群抽样的方法,抽取浙江省30个县区的11 638名初一至高三学生,采用自我管理式问卷调查方法进行集中调查。结果在过去30 d,64.47%的学生每天吃早餐,65.12%的学生每天吃水果,89.97%的学生每天都吃蔬菜,34.23%的学生喝牛奶≥5 d/周,35.28%的学生喝碳酸饮料≥1次/d。在过去7 d,1.68%的学生吃过西式快餐。结论不良饮食行为问题在浙江省中学生中普遍存在,应加强健康教育,培养健康的饮食习惯。     

温州市区5岁儿童乳牙患龋状况及危险因素分析

目的：了解温州市5岁儿童乳牙龋流行情况并对其危险因素进行分析,为开展低龄儿童龋病预防保健提供科学依据。方法：采用整群随机抽样的方法,对温州市6所幼儿园693名5岁儿童进行调查,由1名口腔医生参照WHO龋病诊断标准进行龋齿检查,并对儿童家长进行问卷调查,应用卡方检验筛选出乳牙龋病易感者的相关因素,进行logistic回归分析。结果：在693名受检儿童中,乳牙患龋率为72．72％,龋充填率为14．88鬈,龋均为4．35±4．37,龋面均为10．75±13．30。单因素分析结果显示：家庭经济收入、父母的口腔保健意识和行为、进甜食频率、睡前进食和含奶瓶睡觉与乳牙龋的发病相关（P〈0．05）。最终进入logistic回归模型的因素为进甜食频率、睡前进食、父母的口腔保健意识和行为以及含奶瓶睡觉。结论：温州市5岁儿童乳牙患龋状况较为严重,建议从限制糖的摄入频率、培养良好口腔卫生习惯和提高家长的口腔保健意识等方面入手,预防乳牙龋的发生。     

Relation between cigarette smoking and ventilatory threshold in the Japanese

The link between cigarette smoking and ventilatory threshold (VT) was investigated. We used data for 407 men and 418 women not taking medication. Habits of cigarette smoking were obtained through interviews by well-trained staff. The influence of cigarette smoking on oxygen uptake, work rate, and heart rate at VT was evaluated. Oxygen uptake at VT in women and work rate at VT in men with cigarette smoking were significantly lower than in subjects without cigarette smoking after adjusting for age. The differences of parameters at VT did not reach significant levels after adjusting for age and exercise habits in both sexes. However, in women without exercise habits, there was significant difference of oxygen uptake at VT between women with and without cigarette smoking after adjusting for age [cigarette smoking (+): 11.5 ± 1.8 ml/kg/min, cigarette smoking (−): 12.4 ± 2.1 ml/kg/min, p = 0.0006]. The number of cigarettes smoked per day and the Brinkman Index were not clearly correlated with oxygen uptake at VT. A combination of promoting exercise habits and prohibiting cigarette smoking might be recommended for improving the aerobic exercise level, especially in women.     

不同类别军医大学生学习习惯调查

目的调查不同类别军医大学生的学习习惯,有针对性地促进其学习。方法通过问卷调查,调查不同类别军医大学生参加辅导班、学习的主动性、预习复习、订立学习计划等方面的习惯。结果不同类别军医大学生参加辅导班、对学习进行定期总结、请教别人、预习、复习、订立学习计划等方面的习惯均有不同（χ2=22.547,16.443,28.992,27.427,23.112,38.724;P均〈0.05）。结论不同类别军医大学生的学习习惯不同,无军籍学员的学习习惯相对较好。要有针对性地引导军医大学生培养良好的学习习惯。     

Web-based guide to health: relationship of theoretical variables to change in physical activity, nutrition and weight at 16-months

Background

Evaluation of online health interventions should investigate the function of theoretical mechanisms of behavior change in this new milieu.

Objectives

To expand our understanding of how Web-based interventions influence behavior, we examined how changes at 6 months in participants’ psychosocial characteristics contributed to improvements at 16 months in nutrition, physical activity (PA), and weight management as a result of the online, social cognitive theory (SCT)-based Guide to Health intervention (WB-GTH).

Methods

We conducted recruitment, enrollment, and assessments online with 272 of 655 (41.5%) participants enrolling in WB-GTH who also completed 6- and 16-month follow-up assessments. Participants’ mean age was 43.68 years, 86% were female, 92% were white, mean education was 17.45 years, median income was US $85,000, 84% were overweight or obese, and 73% were inactive. Participants received one of two equally effective versions of WB-GTH. Structural equation analysis of theoretical models evaluated whether psychosocial constructs targeted by WB-GTH contributed to observed health behavior changes.

Results

The longitudinal model provided good fit to the data (root mean square error of approximation <.05). Participants’ weight loss at 16 months was predicted by improvements in their PA (beta_total = -.34, P = .01), consumption of fruits and vegetables (F&V) (beta_total = -.20, P = .03) and calorie intake (beta_total = .15, P = .04). Improvements at 6 months in PA self-efficacy (beta_total = -.10, P = .03), PA self-regulation (beta_total = -.15, P = .01), nutrition social support (beta_total = -.08, P = .03), and nutrition outcome expectations (beta_total = .08, P = .03) also contributed to weight loss. WB-GTH users with increased social support (beta_total = .26, P = .04), self-efficacy (beta_total = .30, P = .01), and self-regulation (beta_total = .45, P = .004) also exhibited improved PA levels. Decreased fat and sugar consumption followed improved social support (beta_total = -.10, P = .02), outcome expectations (beta_total = .15, P = .007), and self-regulation (beta_total = -.14, P = .008). Decreased calorie intake followed increased social support (beta_total = -.30, P < .001). Increased F&V intake followed improved self-efficacy (beta_total = .20, P = .01), outcome expectations (beta_total = -.29, P = .002), and self-regulation (beta_total = .27, P = .009). Theorized indirect effects within SCT variables were also supported.

Conclusions

The WB-GTH influenced behavior and weight loss in a manner largely consistent with SCT. Improving social support, self-efficacy, outcome expectations, and self-regulation, in varying combinations, led to healthier diet and exercise habits and concomitant weight loss. High initial levels of self-efficacy may be characteristic of Web-health users interested in online interventions and may alter the function of SCT in these programs. Researchers may find that, although increased self-efficacy enhances program outcomes, participants whose self-efficacy is tempered by online interventions may still benefit.

Trial Registration

Clinicaltrials.gov NCT00128570; http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00128570 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/5vgcygBII)     

饮食控制对妊娠期糖尿病产妇的影响

目的探讨饮食控制对妊娠期糖尿病产妇新生儿体质量、胎盘功能及羊水的影响。方法93例妊娠期糖尿病产妇在知情同意下按人院单双号随机分成观察组50例和对照组43例,两组均按常规治疗,包括运动、健康教育和药物治疗,观察组在上述基础上加用饮食控制,观察比较两组产妇胎盘成熟程度、羊水情况和胎儿体质量情况。结果观察组正常体质量儿38例（76．O％）、低体质量儿9例（18．O％）、巨大儿3例（6．0％）,对照组分别为27例（62．8％）、2例（4．7％）、14例（32．6％）,两组巨大儿出生率差异有统计学意义x2=9．210,P=0．002）;两组胎盘成熟度间差异均无统计学意义（x2=1．034,3．353和0．433,P=0．307,0．067和0．510）。观察组羊水正常42例（84．0％）、羊水过少6例（12．0％）、羊水过多2例（4．0％）,对照组分别为28例（65．1％）、3例（7．O％）、12例（27．9％）,两组羊水正常及羊水过多发生率差异均有统计学意义（x。=4．429、8．548jP=0．035、0．003）。结论饮食控制能有效减少妊娠期糖尿病产妇巨大儿和羊水过少发生率,对于保证母婴安全有重要意义。