肾组织上皮细胞的培养及其应用进展

在一定的条件下，可以将来源于几种不同哺乳类动物的肾小球和肾小管上皮细胞分离、培养和传代克隆。本文综述了近年来有关肾小球和肾小管上皮细胞的培养技术如肾组织的分离、消化和鉴定，同时介绍它们的应用进展和未来研究方向     

Visualisation and modelling of renal capillaries from confocal images

A computer aided design was developed to support three-dimensional visualisation and modelling of vascular networks. Volume data comprised a series of images obtained using a Zeiss confocal laser scanning microscope. The profiles of vessels were automatically segmented using two-dimensional morphological filters. Segmented contours of the vessels were used to form a spatial model of the network. The centre points of segmented contours were used to derive a three-dimensional graph representing the vascular network. The proposed method was applied to renal capillary networks of normal rats, and showed well the lobular structure of glomeruli. The average length of renal capillary networks was 6.09 mm. Three-dimensional models based on confocal data require much less effort than reconstructions based on serial sections, and can be adapted for any vascular patterns.     

Effects of early insulin treatment on ultrastructural changes of glomeruli in diabetic rats revealed by the quick-freezing and deep-etching method

Summary The three-dimensional ultrastructure of glomerular basement membrane (GBM) and mesangial matrix (MM) at an early stage of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes mellitus in rats was examined by the quick-freezing and deep-etching method. In diabetic rats, the GBM inner layer was diffusely enlarged and the meshwork structure not only in the GBM middle layer but also in the MM became markedly irregular due to the rupture of fine fibrils. This irregularity and enlargement of the mesh pores in diabetic rats developed during the experimental period and was significantly different from results in control rats. Insulin treatment from 1 week after STZ injection had significant effects in preventing the ultrastructural changes in the GBM and MM. It is suggested that early insulin treatment has significant effects in preventing size barrier disturbance of GBM and MM in STZ-induced diabetes.Abbreviations GBM Glomerular basement membrane - MM mesangial matrix - STZ streptozotocin - QF-DE quick-freezing and deep-etching - LDM longest dimension of meshpores     

Neuroarchitecture and neuroanatomy of the Drosophila central complex: A GAL4‐based dissection of protocerebral bridge neurons and circuits

Insects exhibit an elaborate repertoire of behaviors in response to environmental stimuli. The central complex plays a key role in combining various modalities of sensory information with an insect's internal state and past experience to select appropriate responses. Progress has been made in understanding the broad spectrum of outputs from the central complex neuropils and circuits involved in numerous behaviors. Many resident neurons have also been identified. However, the specific roles of these intricate structures and the functional connections between them remain largely obscure. Significant gains rely on obtaining a comprehensive catalog of the neurons and associated GAL4 lines that arborize within these brain regions, and on mapping neuronal pathways connecting these structures. To this end, small populations of neurons in the Drosophila melanogaster central complex were stochastically labeled using the multicolor flip‐out technique and a catalog was created of the neurons, their morphologies, trajectories, relative arrangements, and corresponding GAL4 lines. This report focuses on one structure of the central complex, the protocerebral bridge, and identifies just 17 morphologically distinct cell types that arborize in this structure. This work also provides new insights into the anatomical structure of the four components of the central complex and its accessory neuropils. Most strikingly, we found that the protocerebral bridge contains 18 glomeruli, not 16, as previously believed. Revised wiring diagrams that take into account this updated architectural design are presented. This updated map of the Drosophila central complex will facilitate a deeper behavioral and physiological dissection of this sophisticated set of structures. J. Comp. Neurol. 523:997–1037, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

肾康冲剂治疗隐匿性肾炎脾肾亏虚证30例疗效观察

[目的]观察肾康冲剂治疗隐匿性肾小球肾炎脾肾亏虚证的疗效。[方法]选择60例隐匿性肾炎脾肾亏虚证患者,随机分为治疗组30例与对照组30例,两组均予刺五加注射液和灯盏花素静滴,治疗组加用肾康冲剂。观察两组患者治疗前后中医证候积分值、24h尿蛋白定量、尿常规中蛋白和红细胞的变化情况。[结果]治疗组临床总有效率为83.33%,尿蛋白总有效率为86.67%;对照组分别为53.33%、60%,治疗组疗效优于对照组。两组患者中医证候积分值治疗后均明显下降(P0.01),且治疗组较对照组下降更为明显(P0.05)。[结论]肾康冲剂能明显改善隐匿性肾小球肾炎脾肾亏虚证的临床表现,降低24h尿蛋白定量。     

Plasticity of mesangial cells: a basis for understanding pathological alterations

In the last two decades, the ability of mesangial cells to respond to various stimuli or injurious agents by altering their phenotype and function has become recognized. The plasticity of these mesangial cells has been linked to the morphological and functional alterations responsible for the pathologic findings. Many of the glomerular disorders target the mesangium as the primary and/or initial site of injury. Understanding how mesangial cells are altered in the various conditions provides a platform for conceptualizing pathologic mechanisms and defining key steps amenable to therapeutic intervention. The present paper reviews the normal and altered mesangium with an emphasis on mechanisms involved in alterations of mesangial homeostasis. Mesangial cells and matrix are very important in maintaining normal glomerular structure, and function and the plasticity of these cells is responsible for pathological manifestations, repair, and scarring. Our more sophisticated understanding of mesangial cell behavior and matrix biology provides very useful information to help design new therapeutic approaches to the treatment of renal diseases. The potential for bone marrow-derived cells to differentiate into mesangial cells and repopulate damaged mesangium, thus “healing” what is today considered to be irreversible damage represents an exciting new area of research.     

Developmental localization of potassium chloride co-transporter 2 in granule cells of the early postnatal mouse cerebellum with special reference to the synapse formation

In the adult CNS, GABA is the predominant inhibitory neurotransmitter, mediating the hyperpolarization of membrane potential and regulating the glutamatergic activity. In the immature CNS, on the other hand, GABA mediates depolarization and is involved in controlling morphogenesis. This developmental shift in GABA actions from depolarization to hyperpolarization occurs as a result of decreasing the intracellular chloride ion (Cl(-)) concentration ([Cl(-)](i)) which is regulated by the potassium (K(+))-Cl(-) co-transporter 2 (KCC2). To clarify the time-course of changes in the GABA actions during development, we examined the developmental localization of the KCC2 in the granule cells of the postnatal mouse cerebellum using specific antibodies against KCC2. The granule cell precursors and migrating granule cells were devoid of immunoreactivity against KCC2 antibodies. At postnatal day 3 (P3), the KCC2-immunolabeling was negative in the internal granular layer, although synaptophysin-positive mossy fiber terminals were detected. At P5, we first detected the KCC2-immunolabeling at the somata of granule cells and their dendrites before granule cells received inhibitory input from Golgi cells. Almost all KCC2-positive dendrites (more than 98%) attached to and formed synapses with mossy fiber terminals. As development proceeded, the number of KCC2-positive granule cells increased, and all granule cells became positive by P21. These results suggested that GABAergic transmission on granule cells might shift from excitation to inhibition after the synapse formation, and the excitatory synapse-formation and related factors might be the triggers for the expression and localization of the KCC2 in the granule cells. Furthermore, it was also suggested that formation of the GABAergic synapses and GABAergic transmission were not necessary for the KCC2-expression in the mouse cerebellar granule cells in vivo.