锂导致大鼠慢性肾功能不全肾小球结构的定量研究

为研究慢性肾功能不全长期进程及其肾功能改变提供可靠的定量形态学依据。方法　应用光镜电镜半薄、超薄连续切片和体视学定量分析方法 ,对锂导致大鼠慢性肾功能不全的肾小球结构进行了定量形态学分析。结果　锂导致大鼠慢性肾功能不全肾小球最明显的改变是肾小球平均体积减小 ,且个体动物内肾小球大小差异很大 ;肾小球毛细血管有效滤过表面积减少 ,并且与肌酐清除率之间有明显的相关性。结论　锂导致大鼠慢性肾功能不全肾小球滤过率下降是由于肾小球毛细血管滤过表面积减少所致。     

Disector方法观察一侧肾切除成年大鼠留存肾肾小球形态计量学改变

应用Disector方法研究一例肾切除成年大鼠留存肾肾小球的形态计量学改变。结果表明,成年SD大鼠行一侧肾切除术后四周,留存肾（右）肾小球平均体积较假手术对照组（右肾）增加43％（分别为6.49±1.15×10~5μm~3,4.55±1.00×10~5 μm~3,P<0.05）全肾体积增加49％（P<0.01）,肾小球体密度没有改变（分别为5.58±0.22×10~（-2）,5.51±0.44×10~（-2）,P=0.7790）;肾小球数密度较正常对照组减少36％（分别为79.9±13.3mm~(-3),125.6±28.2mm~(-3),P相似文献   

Heterogeneous expression of connexin 36 in the olfactory epithelium and glomerular layer of the olfactory bulb

Gap junctions regulate a variety of cell functions by directly connecting two cells through intercellular channels. Connexins are gap junction channel-forming protein subunits. In this study, we studied the expression of connexin 36 (Cx36) in the olfactory epithelium and olfactory bulb of adult mice. In situ hybridization revealed that mRNA for Cx36 was expressed in the olfactory sensory epithelium, main olfactory bulb and accessory olfactory bulb. Expression of mRNA encoding Cx36 was observed in the olfactory epithelium mainly in ventral and lateral regions of the turbinates. Immunohistochemical determination of Cx36 protein expression showed sparse punctuate staining in the olfactory epithelial layer. Intense Cx36-like immunostaining was found in the olfactory nerve bundles underlying the olfactory epithelium and in the olfactory nerve layer and glomerular layer of the olfactory bulb. Mapping of the intensity of Cx36-like immunofluorescence in glomeruli throughout the main olfactory bulb indicated a heterogeneous distribution. A set of approximately 50 glomeruli located in the anterior and posterior limits of the olfactory bulb was more intensely labeled than other glomeruli. There was intense immunofluorescence signal in the glomerular layer of the accessory olfactory bulb and in the vomeronasal nerve. beta-Galactosidase distribution in the olfactory epithelium and olfactory bulb in Cx36 knockout mice (Deans et al. [2001] Neuron 31:477-485) supported the findings with immunofluorescence. Cx36-like immunofluorescence was absent in the olfactory nerve bundles in Cx36 knockout mice. The immunolocalization of Cx36 to the olfactory and vomeronasal nerves, and a subset of olfactory glomeruli suggest a functional role for Cx36 in odor coding.     

BMP mRNA and protein expression in the developing mouse olfactory system

The bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) play fundamental roles during the organization of the central nervous system. The presence of these proteins has also been demonstrated in regions of the adult brain that are characterized by neural plasticity. In this study, we examined the expression of BMP4, 6, and 7 mRNAs and proteins in the murine olfactory system. The olfactory system is a useful model for studying cell proliferation and neural differentiation because both of these processes persist throughout life in the olfactory epithelium (OE) and olfactory bulb (OB). Our results demonstrate a differential expression of BMP4, 6, and 7 in the embryonic, postnatal, and adult olfactory system. In particular, BMP4 and BMP7 showed similar immunostaining patterns, being expressed in the olfactory region from the earliest stages studied (embryonic day 15.5) to adulthood. During development BMPs were expressed in the OE, olfactory bulb nerve layer, glomerular layer (GL), mitral cell layer (MCL), and subventricular zone. During the first postnatal week of life, BMP4 and 7 immunoreactivity (-ir) was particularly evident in the GL, MCL, and in the subependymal layer (SEL), which originates postnatally from the subventricular zone. In adults, BMP4 and 7 immunostaining was present in the GL and SEL. Within the SEL, BMP4 and 7 proteins were expressed primarily in association with the astrocytic glial compartment. BMP6-ir was always found in mature olfactory receptor neurons and their axonal projections to the OB. In summary, these data support the hypothesis that BMPs play a role in the morphogenesis of the olfactory system during development and in its plasticity during adulthood.     

儿童原发性肾小球疾病病理积分与临床参数关系的研究

目的：探讨儿童原发性肾小球疾病肾活检病理积分与临床参数的关系.方法：选择临床诊断为原发性肾小球疾病的患儿91例,对其肾活检光镜病理进行统一的半定量积分,根据总积分分轻、中、重度3组;收集患儿的发病年龄、病程、24h尿蛋白定量（urine total protein,UTP）、血清白蛋白（Alb）、血胆固醇（Cho）、血尿素氮（BUN）、血肌酐（Scr）等临床参数;比较不同病理积分组与临床参数的关系.结果：轻度、中度、重度肾小球损害积分、肾小管间质损害积分及肾脏总的病理损害积分各组间的病程、UTP、Alb、Cho、BUN和Scr差异均有统计学意义.结论：蛋白尿、低白蛋白血症、高胆固醇血症、BUN与Scr水平均可作为提示肾脏病理损害严重程度的预示指标.     

氧化应激及足细胞损伤在甲状腺功能亢进大鼠肾损害中的作用

目的观察氧化应激、转化生长因子-β1和巢蛋白表达变化在甲状腺功能亢进大鼠肾损害中的作用。方法优甲乐灌胃法制作甲亢大鼠模型，测定25，45，60d大鼠肾组织中抗氧化酶：超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH—Px）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性，丙二醛（MDA）含量及TGF—β1、Nestin表达变化。结果随甲亢病程延长，CAT、GSH—Px、SOD活性逐渐降低，MDA含量逐渐增加；TGF—β1表达逐渐增多，而Nestin表达逐渐减少；且TGF—β1及Nestin表达均与氧化应激有相关性。结论氧化应激、TGF-β1表达增加及足细胞损伤相互作用共同参与甲亢肾脏损伤过程。     

血管紧张素-（1-7）抑制肾小球系膜细胞增殖过程中c-fos蛋白表达

目的观察血管紧张素-（1-7）[Ang-（1-7）]对血管紧张素-Ⅱ（Ang-Ⅱ）诱导的肾小球系膜细胞（GMC）增殖过程中c-fos表达的影响。方法体外培养GMC，Ang-Ⅱ为刺激因子，不同浓度Ang-（1-7）为干预因子。用结晶紫计数法检测GMC数目的变化；Western blot检测GMC中c-fos蛋白表达的变化。结果Ang-（1-7）呈剂量依赖性地抑制Ang-Ⅱ诱导的GMC增殖和GMC内c-fos蛋白表达。结论Ang-（1-7）可能通过抑制c-fos的表达，抑制Ang-Ⅱ诱导的GMC增殖。     

Determination of renin activity in single renal glomeruli and their fragments

A modific ati on of the method of determination of renin activity in a single glomerulus and its fragments, based on the use of cold EDTA-treated whole plasma of nephrectomized animals as the renin substrate, is suggested to replace the use of a substrate obtained from plasma by the previous complicated method. A number of simplifications are made to the biological method of renin determination. Soviet equipment is used for all the procedures. The principle of the modifications is suitable for clinical purposes.Laboratory of Endocrinology, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Novosibirsk. (Presented by Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR V. P. Kaznacheev.) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 84, No. 11, pp. 632–635, November, 1977.     

A method for the isolation of glomerular and tubulointerstitial endothelial cells and a comparison of characteristics with the human umbilical vein endothelial cell model

BACKGROUND: Abnormalities in the structure and function of glomerular endothelial cells play a pivotal role in the development of progressive renal disease. The vascular abnormalities observed in the renal tubulointerstitium, however, correlate more strongly with progressive renal failure. Therefore, the successful isolation and culture of human renal microvascular endothelial cells from both the glomerulus and tubulointerstitium are paramount in studying renal disease models. METHODS AND RESULTS: This study describes a simple and reproducible method for the isolation of human tubulointerstitial and glomerular endothelial cells by using immunomagnetic separation with anti-platelet endothelial-cell adhesion (anti-PECAM-1) Dyna beads, followed by manual weeding of mesangial and fibroblast contamination. No significant changes in morphological or immunohistochemical characteristics were observed up to passage two of culture. The in vitro characteristics of the endothelial cells were compared to the renal cortical endothelial cells in vivo and the standard human umbilical vein endothelial cell model (HUVECs). Similar to HUVECs, both populations of renal microvascular endothelial cells had a classical cobblestone appearance, stained positively for von Willebrand Factor and PECAM-1 and negatively for antifibroblast surface antigen and anticytokeratin. Differences in the expression of von Willebrand Factor, Wiebel Palade bodies and Flk-1 staining were observed between glomerular and tubulointerstitial endothelial cells. These immunohistochemical characteristics suggested that tubulointerstital endothelial cells were more closely aligned to HUVECS than to the glomerular endothelial cells. This observation indicated that HUVECs may be a suitable model for determining the tubulointerstitial endothelial response to systemic injury. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, a unique and novel method for the differential isolation of both glomerular and tubulointerstitial endothelial cells has been developed. Significantly, characterization of these populations suggests a role for HUVECS in the study of renal tubulointerstitial disease.     

Nontopographic projection of olfactory sensory neurons in the crayfish brain

We have used tritiated leucine to trace the input projection pattern of olfactory sensory neurons in crayfishes. The olfactory neurons are associated with cuticular sensilla on the external antennular filaments. Each sensillum, or aesthetasc, harbors the distal dendritic segments of about 175 bipolar sensory neurons, the cell bodies for which are grouped in a subcuticular ensemble or ganglion. About 150-175 individual ganglia may be found on each antennule in an adult crayfish. When an aesthetasc is exposed to tritated leucine, the tracer is taken up by the associated olfactory sensory neurons and is transported along the axons to their central terminations within the glomeruli of the ipsilateral olfactory lobe. We tested the possibility that the sensory neurons from specific aesthetascs project to specific glomeruli. By restricting access of the leucine to small groups of aesthetascs, we exposed less than 2% of the olfactory sensory neurons to the tracer. Nonetheless, all glomeruli were labeled following such treatment. We conclude that the sensory neurons are generally distributed to the olfactory glomeruli. If each neuron terminates in a single glomerulus, these data support a divergent pattern of sensory projection from individual ganglia to all regions of the olfactory lobe.