IMPACT OF AGRO CLIMATIC AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC VARIABILITY ON THE NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF INHABITANTS In THE GARHWAL HIMALAYAS

The Garhwal Himalayas are a part of a unique ecosystem, with sharp agro-climatic variations within a very small geographical area (53,485 km²). The varied agro-climatic situations result in different cropping systems and socio-economic lifestyles that could likely affect the nutritional status of the people living in this region. This article will attempt to explore the impact of these variables (namely, age, family size, education, income, calorie and protein intake, land holding, number of animals, and wheat production) on the body mass index (BMI) of the population residing in the Garhwal Hills. A total of 1,030 subjects were studied from the three agro-climatic zones (406 from the high hills, 292 from the mid hills, and 332 from the low hills). It has been found that the people living in the high hills are the most undernourished, as the lowest percentage of people (52.6 per cent) with an acceptable BMI and the highest percentage of people in the severely malnourished category (11.1 per cent) are found here. People living in urban areas have a better nutritional status. Correlation studies show that the nutritional status of the population improves with age, literacy levels, and small family size. In some cases, calorie and protein intake have a positive impact on the health of the people, whereas size of land holding, number of animals, and income of the family do not have any significant influence on nutritional status.     

医科生学习素质在年级与性别上的差异研究

目的了解学习素质在不同年级、不同性别的差异性.方法从学习素质主要与态度,焦虑、专心,计划、调控水平、自评、认知加工、环境利用、人际关系等因素有关来调查.结果医科生学习素质在二年级表现出来的问题特别多,如态度、专心、计划、认知加工、环境利用等方面与其他年级相比有显著差异,表现他们兴趣点分散、成绩波动大;在焦虑、专心、环境利用以及人际关系等因子方面男女生存在极其显著差异.结论只有在调查研究的前提下因材施教,发展、完善学习素质,才是真正的强"内功"之举.     

不同性别大鼠创伤失血性休克后多形核白细胞反应的差异及胃复安干预的实验研究

本研究在以下几个方面具有创新：（1）将腺苷引入心肺复苏治疗中，观察腺苷与肾上腺素合用对心跳停搏后A主循环恢复率和复苏成功率的影响，结果表明合用腺苷可明显提高自主循环恢复率和复苏成功率；（2）观察腺苷在心肺复苏中对兔心、脑组织病理结构和超微结构的影响，结果表明腺苷可以明显减轻心脑组织的损害；（3）观察腺苷窒息大鼠心脏和肠系膜微循环的影响，并观察到肾上腺素对微循环无明显改善作用，联合应用腺苷可以改善微循环；（4）将激光多普勒血流量图象仪引入心肺复苏中，动态观察窒息大鼠肠壁组织血液灌流量变化，并观察到腺苷可以增加肠壁组织血流灌注量。[编者按]     

Age at onset of schizophrenia: gender differences and influence of temporal socioeconomic change

This study was undertaken to examine whether males develop schizophrenia at a younger age than females, and whether temporal socioeconomic change affects the age at onset of schizophrenia. The subjects were 848 ICD-9 schizophrenics who were admitted to Nihon University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan, during the period of 1955-64 (n = 468 (214 males and 254 females), group A) or during the period of 1982-91 (n = 380 (220 males and 160 females). group B). Schizophrenic males showed an earlier age at onset than schizophrenic females. However, the mean age at onset of schizophrenia did not differ significantly between group A and group B. These results indicate that the gender difference in age at onset of schizophrenia has not been influenced by temporal socioeconomic change.     

Uptake and disposition of inhaled methanol vapor in humans.

Methanol is a widely used solvent and a potential fuel for motor vehicles. Human kinetic data of methanol are sparse. As a basis for biological exposure monitoring and risk assessment, we studied the inhalation toxicokinetics of methanol vapor in four female and four male human volunteers during light physical exercise (50 W) in an exposure chamber. The relative uptake of methanol was about 50% (range 47-53%). Methanol in blood increased from a background level of about 20 to 116 and 244 microM after 2 h exposure at 0, 100 ppm (131 mg/m3) and 200 ppm (262 mg/m3), respectively. Saliva showed substantially higher levels than blood immediately after exposure. This difference disappeared in a few minutes; thereafter the concentrations and time courses in blood, urine, and saliva were similar, with half times of 1.4, 1.7, and 1.3 h, respectively. The postexposure decrease of methanol in exhaled air was faster, with a half time of 0.8 h. The methanol concentrations were approximately twice as high in all four types of biological samples at 200 compared to 100 ppm. No increase in urinary formic acid was seen in exposed subjects. Our study indicates non-saturated, dose-proportional kinetics of methanol up to 200 ppm for 2 h. No gender differences were detected. Similar, parallel patterns were seen with regard to the methanol time courses in blood, urine, and saliva, whereas the concentration in exhaled air decreased markedly faster. Thus, apart from blood and urine, saliva also seems suitable for biomonitoring of methanol exposure.     

性别和年龄对60Coγ射线照射离体人外周血辐射敏感基因mRNA表达的影响

目的：探讨性别和年龄因素对电离辐射诱导的离体人外周血中辐射敏感基因mRNA表达变化的影响。方法：采集30例健康人离体外周血,以剂量率为1 Gy/min的⁶⁰Co γ射线进行照射,照射剂量分别为0.5、1、2、3、4、6和8 Gy （以0 Gy为阴性对照组）,照射后培养12 h,应用实时荧光定量PCR （qPCR）方法检测18个辐射敏感基因的mRNA表达水平变化,分析性别和年龄因素对这些基因mRNA表达水平的影响。结果：与阴性对照组相比,各剂量γ射线照射组人外周血18个辐射敏感基因的mRNA表达水平均明显增加,并且呈剂量-效应关系（R²=0.63~0.97,P < 0.05）。在相同照射剂量,MDM2、XPC、FDXR、DDB2、ASTN2和TNFSF4 mRNA相对表达水平在不同个体之间存在较大的差异。女性外周血中BAX、TNFRSF10B、ASTN2、TNFSF4、POLH和GADD45A mRNA相对表达水平均高于男性,在0.5~8 Gy照射剂量范围内具有统计学差异（P < 0.05或P < 0.01）。MDM2、FDXR、DDB2和RPS27L mRNA表达水平在不同年龄组间（20~29岁、30~39岁、40~49岁和50~60岁）存在差异（P < 0.05或P < 0.01）。结论：离体人外周血中辐射敏感基因mRNA表达水平的变化存在个体间差异,且与受照者性别和年龄相关。     

Gender differences in repeat-year experience,clinical clerkship performance,and related examinations in Japanese medical students

While the number of female medical students is increasing in Japan, gender differences in medical school performance have not been studied extensively. This study aimed to compare gender differences in repeat-year experience, Clinical Clerkship (CC) performance, and related examinations in Japanese medical students. We retrospectively analyzed the number of repeat-year students and years to graduation for male and female medical students, and assessed gender differences in performance on computer-based testing (CBT) before CC, CC as evaluated by clinical teachers, the CC integrative test, and the graduation examination in 2018-2020 graduates from our medical school. Subgroup analyses excluding repeat-year students were also performed. From 2018 to 2020, 328 medical students graduated from our medical school. There were significantly fewer repeat-year female students compared to male students (P = .010), and the average number of years to graduate was significantly higher for male students than female students (P < .001). Female students showed higher scores and performance in all integrative tests and CC (P < .05, each). In analysis excluding repeat-year students, there were no significant gender difference in performance on the CBT, and CC integrative test, although female students significantly outperformed male students on the CC and graduation examination. Female medical students had a fewer number of repeat-years and performed better in the CC and graduation examination compared to their male counterparts.