傅青主保产无忧散的临床应用进展

为了解傅青主保产无忧散的临床应用情况，本文从傅青主保产无忧散的起源、药理作用、临床研究等方面对保产无忧散进行梳理分析，发现保产无忧散有养血、益气、理气的作用。临床上具有防治难产，治疗多种原因导致的先兆流产、早产，可将晚期妊娠臀位、横位转为头位以利于阴道分娩，对过期妊娠有一定的催引产效果，对于妊娠期特发性黄疸、肝功能异常等妊娠期并发症有防治作用，还可用于治疗胃脘痛，配合针刺促卵泡发育治疗女性不孕症，值得进一步研究。     

Quantitative assessment of global cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2) in neonates using MRI

The cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO₂) is the rate of oxygen consumption by the brain, and is thought to be a direct index of energy homeostasis and brain health. However, in vivo measurement of CMRO₂ is challenging, in particular for the neonatal population, in whom conventional radiotracer methods are not applicable because of safety concerns. In this study, we propose a method to quantify global CMRO₂ in neonates based on arteriovenous differences in oxygen content, and employ separate measurements of oxygenation and cerebral blood flow (CBF) parameters. Specifically, arterial and venous oxygenation levels were determined with pulse oximetry and the novel T₂ relaxation under spin tagging (TRUST) MRI, respectively. Global CBF was measured with phase contrast (PC) flow velocity MRI. The proposed method was implemented on a standard 3‐T MRI scanner without the need for any exogenous tracers, and the total scan duration was less than 5 min. We demonstrated the feasibility of this method in 12 healthy neonates within an age range of 35–42 gestational weeks. CMRO₂ values were successfully obtained from 10 neonates. It was found that the average CMRO₂ in this age range was 38.3 ± 17.7 µmol/100 g/min and was positively correlated with age (p = 0.007; slope, 5.2 µmol/100 g/min per week), although the highest CMRO₂ value in this age range was still less than half of the adult level. Test–retest studies showed a coefficient of variation of 5.8 ± 2.2% between repeated CMRO₂ measurements. In addition, given the highly variable blood flow velocity within this age range, it is recommended that the TRUST labeling thickness and position should be determined on a subject‐by‐subject basis, and an automatic algorithm was developed for this purpose. Although this method provides a global CMRO₂ measure only, the clinical significance of an energy consumption marker and the convenience of this technique may make it a useful tool in the functional assessment of the neonatal population. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Radioimmunoassay for rat galanin: immunochemical and chromatographic characterization of immunoreactivity in tissue extracts

Galanin is a regulatory peptide with wide distribution in the central and peripheral nervous system and with numerous biological effects. Several radioimmunoassays based on antisera raised against porcine galanin have been used to measure immunoreactivity in rat tissues. However, considerable lack of parallelism has been observed between the porcine standard and rat tissue extracts, which may decrease the reliability of the quantitative data. The purpose of the present study was therefore to raise antibodies against rat galanin and establish a competitive radioimmunoassay for rat galanin. Two antisera, RatGal4 and RatGal5, were characterized in detail. The homogeneity of the immunoreactive material from several tissues was also investigated with column chromatography. At reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography more than 95% of the immunoreactive material from rat CNS eluted as a single peak in the position of synthetic rat galanin, whereas almost half of the immunoreactive material from the intestine eluted in positions different from the synthetic peptide. Extracts of rat brains as well as jejunum diluted in parallel with the standard curve for both antisera. We conclude that measurements of rat galanin based on these antisera are therefore more reliable than those based on antisera raised against porcine galanin.     

An unusual case of prenatal diagnosis of right coronary artery to right ventricle fistula with HD-flow render mode and spatiotemporal image correlation (STIC)

Coronary artery fistula is rare in prenatal diagnosis. We have reported a case diagnosis of coronary artery fistula by using high-definition flow (HD-flow) render mode and spatiotemporal image correlation (STIC), and then evaluated the postnatal outcomes in our hospital.     

Fetal facial expressions in small-for-gestational-age and growth-restricted fetuses

Objective: To evaluate the frequencies of fetal facial expressions among appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA), small-for-gestational-age (SGA), and growth-restricted (FGR) fetuses.

Methods: Four-dimensional (4D) ultrasound was used to examine the facial expressions of 50 AGA, 25 SGA, and six FGR fetuses between 28 and 35 weeks of gestation. The frequencies of seven facial expressions during 15-minute recordings were assessed. Comparison of facial expressions among the three groups was performed.

Results: Mouthing was the commonest facial expression at 28–35 weeks, and the frequency of mouthing was significantly higher than those of the other six facial expressions in AGA fetuses. Mouthing was the most frequent facial expression, but there was no significant difference in the frequency among mouthing, smiling and blinking in SGA fetuses. Moreover, mouthing displayed a significantly higher frequency than the other facial expressions, except for yawning, smiling, and blinking in FGR fetuses. However, there was no significant difference in the frequency of each facial expression among the three groups.

Conclusions: Our results suggest that the frequencies of fetal facial expressions are not decreased in either SGA or FGR pregnancies. The absence of a decrease in the frequency of each fetal expression in FGR fetuses may be due to increased brain blood flow because of the brain-sparing effect. Moreover, accelerated maturation and development of the brain function, especially the central dopamine system, might be suspected in SGA and FGR fetuses.