喻昌治疗中风经验

喻昌将中风病因分为内风和外风。辨证分为中经络、中脏腑两型。治法以祛风为主,兼填人体空窍,主要分为补虚熄风和清热除湿祛风。用药时注意金石之药的使用以堵塞风邪的入侵。主张节制房事以预防中风。     

地西他滨联合GSK126通过诱导“病毒模拟”对人膀胱癌T24细胞的抑制作用研究

目的研究DNA去甲基化药物地西他滨与Zeste基因增强子同源物2(enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2,EZH2)抑制剂GSK126联合应用对膀胱癌诱导"病毒模拟"免疫应答的抗肿瘤作用。方法将膀胱癌细胞株T24分为4组,对照组、地西他滨单药组、GSK126单药组、地西他滨与GSK126联合用药组。用细胞倍增时间测定T24细胞的增殖能力,用药物联合分析计算联合指数(CI),用实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)检测ERV-Fc1、ERV-W、IFIT2、IRF7、MDA5、RGH2和RIG1内源性逆转录病毒基因(endogenous retrovirus,ERV)的表达。结果地西他滨药物联合应用对T24细胞有显著的抑制作用(P<0.05),两者之间具有协同作用(CI<1),7个ERVs的表达上调。结论地西他滨联合GSK126对膀胱癌T24细胞有协同增殖抑制作用,其机制可能与诱导"病毒模拟"有关。     

Recent advances in the understanding of the effects of opioid agents on feeding and appetite

The endogenous opioid system has been implicated in a wide range of homeostatic, autonomic and motivational functions, including mediation of food intake. This review examines the roles of the three traditional gene-related opioid peptides (proopiomelanocortin, proenkephalin, prodynorphin) and the three major opioid receptor subtypes and their clones (μ [MOR-1], δ [DOR-1] and κ [KOR-1]) in mediating food intake under spontaneous, deprivation, glucoprivic, stressful and palatable ingestive situations. The opportunities of both the identified selective opioid receptor subtype agonists and antagonists are reviewed with respect to food intake, as well as the problems related to crossed affinities and neuroanatomical mismatches between the major opioid peptides and their presumed receptor subtypes. The cloning of the opioid receptors, together with the recent discoveries of a new generation of opioid peptides (orphanin FQ/nociceptin, endomorphins), are examined for their presumed modulation of food intake. The opportunities created by recent molecular ‘knockdown’ techniques, primarily the use of antisense oligodeoxynucleotides, in creating highly specific and selective probes for elucidating specific receptor mediation of different forms of food intake, are given specific attention. These new data suggest the role of splice variants of opioid receptor clones in differentially mediating different forms of food intake, raising the possibility for the further development of precise pharmaceutical tools with which to address disorders and deficits related to ingestion.     

Influence of endogenous ciliary neurotrophic factor on neural differentiation of adult rat hippocampal progenitors

Ciliary neurotrophic factor is the only known neurotrophic factor that can promote differentiation of hippocampal neural progenitor cells to glial cells and neurons in adult rats. This process is similar to spontaneous differentiation. Therefore, ciliary neurotrophic factor may be involved in spontaneous differentiation of neural stem cells. To verify this hypothesis, the present study isolated neural progenitor cells from adult male rats and cultured them in vitro. Results showed that when neural progenitor cells were cultured in the absence of mitogen fibroblast growth factor-2 or epidermal growth factor, they underwent spontaneous differentiation into neurons and glial cells. Western blot and immunocytochemical staining showed that exogenous ciliary neurotrophic factor strongly induced adult hippocampal progenitor cells to differentiate into neurons and glial cells. Moreover, passage 4 adult hippocampal progenitor cells expressed high levels of endogenous ciliary neurotrophic factor, and a neutralizing antibody against ciliary neurotrophic factor prevented the spontaneous neuronal and glial differentiation of adult hippocampal progenitor cells. These results suggest that the spontaneous differentiation of adult hippocampal progenitor cells is mediated partially by endogenous ciliary neurotrophic factor.     

Localization of low molecular weight crystallin peptides in the aging human lens using a MALDI mass spectrometry imaging approach

Low molecular weight (LMW) peptides, derived from the breakdown of the major eye lens proteins, the crystallins, accumulate in the human lens with age. These LMW peptides are associated with age-related lens opacity and cataract, with some shown to inhibit the chaperone activity of α-crystallin. However, the mechanism(s) giving rise to the production of these peptides, as well as their distribution within the lens, are not well understood. In this study, we have mapped the distribution of these crystallin-derived peptides present in human lenses of different ages using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI-IMS). Our data showed that most of these LMW peptides emerge in the lens at early middle-age, with peptides greater than 1778 Da in mass being confined to the water insoluble fractions, and to a lesser extent the water soluble fractions of older lenses. MALDI-IMS analyses showed that four peptides, derived from αA-, αB- and γS-crystallins, were confined to the lens nuclear fibre cells upon emergence during early middle-age, but were present in both the cortex and nucleus of old lenses. In contrast, another major peptide, derived from the C-terminal breakdown of βA3-crystallin, was present in the cortical and nuclear regions of both young and old lenses. A comparison between age-matched cataractous and non-cataractous lenses showed no distinct differences in LMW peptide profiles, indicating that although cataract may be a potential consequence caused by the emergence of these peptides, it does not contribute directly to the peptide-generating process.     

Selection of Routine Method for Determination of Glomerular Filtration Rate in Adult Patients

The precision and reproducibility of three different clearance methods as used in clinical routine assessment of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were investigated in 51 patients: total [51Cr]EDTA plasma clearance (E); 24-hr endogenous creatinine clearance (C); and creatinine clearance estimated from the plasma creatinine concentration, weight, and sex-and age-dependent mean creatinine excretion rate (c). The precision and reproducibility (coefficient of variation) for single determinations were, in patients with E ≥ 30 ml/min, 5.5 and 4.1% (E); 26.9% (C); and 23.2 and 11.0% (c). The corresponding figures for E < 30 ml/min were 11.6 and 11.5% (E); 21.9% (C); and 21.4 and 6.5% (c). The precision of C could not be ameliorated by excluding single deviating determinations, but only by excluding patients for whom the precision of 15.5% for mean of three determinations of C (total material) could be reduced to 10% by excluding 25% of the patients. The present data indicate that E in most cases is the method of choice for assessment of GFR in clinical routine work. For changes in renal function, especially at low functional levels, c may be of value.     

Electrophysiologic and Neuropsychologic Evaluation of Patients with Centrotemporal Spikes

The present study was designed to evaluate neurocognitive functions with endogenous potentials and neurophysiologic tests in patients with centrotemporal spikes who were not on any medication. Of the patients, 85.7% had seizures, 9.5% had pavor nocturnes, and 4.8% had atypical headache. The patients, especially who had atypical seizures or left-sided epileptic activity, were found to have significant visuomotor function impairment (p <.05). In P300 test, N2P3 amplitude was lower in the patients, particularly who had left sided epileptic activity (p <.05). MMN and LDN results were normal. Serial evaluations of such patients with endogenous potentials and neuropsychological tests may be helpful to show development of neurocognitive impairment.     

The Roles of Syncytin-Like Proteins in Ruminant Placentation

Recent developments in genome sequencing techniques have led to the identification of huge numbers of endogenous retroviruses (ERV) in various mammals. ERVs, which occupy 8%–13% of mammalian genomes, are believed to affect mammalian evolution and biological diversity. Although the functional significance of most ERVs remains to be elucidated, several ERVs are thought to have pivotal roles in host physiology. We and other groups recently identified ERV envelope proteins (e.g., Fematrin-1, Syncytin-Rum1, endogenous Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus Env) that may determine the morphogenesis of the unique fused trophoblast cells, termed trinucleate cells and syncytial plaques, found in ruminant placentas; however, there are still a number of outstanding issues with regard to the role of ERVs that remain to be resolved. Here, we review what is known about how these ERVs have contributed to the development of ruminant-specific trophoblast cells.