护理人员告知坏消息能力量表的汉化及信效度检验

目的 对英文版护理人员告知坏消息能力量表进行汉化及信效度检验,为评估我国护理人员告知坏消息能力提供可靠工具。方法 采用Brislin翻译模型对量表进行汉化,对274名在职护士进行调查并检验中文版护理人员告知坏消息能力量表的信效度。结果 中文版护理人员告知坏消息能力量表包括准备、策略、共情、考虑、沟通、感知6个维度共25个条目,总的Cronbach′s α系数为0.923,各维度的Cronbach′s α系数为0.732~0.885,重测信度为0.886;各条目水平的内容效度指数0.890~1.000,量表水平的内容效度指数为0.980。经探索性因子分析提取6个公因子,累积方差贡献率为70.228%。结论 中文版护理人员告知坏消息能力量表具有良好的信效度,可作为评估我国护理人员告知坏消息能力的有效工具。     

中文版共情沟通编码系统在新生儿监护室护患沟通中的应用

目的汉化共情沟通编码系统并应用于新生儿监护室护患沟通,了解护患双方共情沟通行为模式。方法收集新生儿监护室护患沟通的录音,运用汉化的共情沟通编码系统识别和归类患儿父母主动提供的共情机会及分析护理人员对此机会的反应模式。结果共收集32名护理人员与78名患儿父母的对话,识别91个共情机会-共情反应的对话组合。多数患儿父母倾向于直接表达"挑战"(38.5%)和"情绪"(29.7%)类型的共情机会,其次是"间接"(20.9%)和"进展"(6.6%),极少为"护士引发"(4.4%)。护理人员多采取"隐性识别"(27.5%)、"识别但未追问"(23.1%)和"拒绝"(16.5%)的共情回应策略,其中"情绪"型共情机会相对于其他类型能够得到更高层级的共情反应。结论中文版共情沟通编码系统可用于探索护患双方的共情沟通行为模式,为共情培训提供参考。     

Childhood trauma affects processing of social interactions in borderline personality disorder: An event-related potential study investigating empathy for pain

Objectives: Patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) have difficulties in empathising with others and show disturbances in social interactions. Using a ‘Social Interaction Empathy Task’, we found that BPD patients judged neutral and psychologically painful conditions as more painful than healthy subjects. Here, we present the neural correlates underlying these differences in empathy for pain.

Methods: Female BPD patients and healthy controls completed the ‘Social Interaction Empathy Task’ during EEG recording. Event-related potentials (ERP) were analysed for an early anterior component and a late latency positivity. Empathic abilities were assessed using the Interpersonal Reactivity Index and early aversive experiences were measured by the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ).

Results: ERPs in the patient group matched the behaviour results and correlated with the level of personal distress and CTQ. In addition, ERPs of patients were predicted by childhood maltreatment and stress.

Conclusions: Taken together, our findings indicate that the observed behavioural differences between patients with BPD and controls might be due to modulatory effects of empathic abilities on the evaluation of pain-related social stimuli, which are supposed to be based on childhood maltreatment.     

Empathy for social exclusion involves the sensory-discriminative component of pain: a within-subject fMRI study

Recent research has shown that experiencing events that represent a significant threat to social bonds activates a network of brain areas associated with the sensory-discriminative aspects of pain. In the present study, we investigated whether the same brain areas are involved when witnessing social exclusion threats experienced by others. Using a within-subject design, we show that an ecologically valid experience of social exclusion recruits areas coding the somatosensory components of physical pain (posterior insular cortex and secondary somatosensory cortex). Furthermore, we show that this pattern of activation not only holds for directly experienced social pain, but also during empathy for social pain. Finally, we report that subgenual cingulate cortex is the only brain area conjointly active during empathy for physical and social pain. This supports recent theories that affective processing and homeostatic regulation are at the core of empathic responses.     

OT promotes closer interpersonal distance among highly empathic individuals

The space between people, or ‘interpersonal distance’, creates and defines the dynamics of social interactions and is a salient cue signaling responsiveness and feeling comfortable. This distance is implicit yet clearly felt, especially if someone stands closer or farther away than expected. Increasing evidence suggests that Oxytocin (OT) serves as a social hormone in humans, and that one of its roles may be to alter the perceptual salience of social cues. Considering that empathic ability may shape the way individuals process social stimuli, we predicted that OT will differentially affect preferred interpersonal distance depending on individual differences in empathy. Participants took part in two interpersonal distance experiments: In the first, they had to stop a (computer visualized) protagonist when feeling most comfortable; in the second, they were asked to choose the room in which they would later discuss intimate topics with another. Both experiments revealed an interaction between the effect of OT and empathy level. Among highly empathic individuals, OT promoted the choice of closer interpersonal distances. Yet, OT had an opposite effect on individuals with low empathic traits. We conclude that the enhancement of social cues following OT administration may have opposite effects on individuals with different empathic abilities.     

共情能力与产后抑郁症状的相关性研究

目的:探讨共情能力与产后抑郁症状的相关性.方法:对1366例符合入组标准的产后42 d回院进行产后保健的产妇,按照自愿原则进行一般人口学资料的收集,并进行爱丁堡产后抑郁量表(EPDS)、人际反应指针问卷(IRI-C)自评;以EPDS≥9分为划界值将入组者分组及组间比较;分析EPDS评分与IRI-C评分间的关系.结果:共...     

Overlapping and specific neural correlates for empathizing,affective mentalizing,and cognitive mentalizing: A coordinate‐based meta‐analytic study

While the discussion on the foundations of social understanding mainly revolves around the notions of empathy, affective mentalizing, and cognitive mentalizing, their degree of overlap versus specificity is still unclear. We took a meta‐analytic approach to unveil the neural bases of cognitive mentalizing, affective mentalizing, and empathy, both in healthy individuals and pathological conditions characterized by social deficits such as schizophrenia and autism. We observed partially overlapping networks for cognitive and affective mentalizing in the medial prefrontal, posterior cingulate, and lateral temporal cortex, while empathy mainly engaged fronto‐insular, somatosensory, and anterior cingulate cortex. Adjacent process‐specific regions in the posterior lateral temporal, ventrolateral, and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex might underpin a transition from abstract representations of cognitive mental states detached from sensory facets to emotionally‐charged representations of affective mental states. Altered mentalizing‐related activity involved distinct sectors of the posterior lateral temporal cortex in schizophrenia and autism, while only the latter group displayed abnormal empathy related activity in the amygdala. These data might inform the design of rehabilitative treatments for social cognitive deficits.     

The Impact of Question Type and Empathy on Police Interviews with Suspects of Homicide,Filicide and Child Sexual Abuse

Conducting interviews with “high-stake” offenders, especially those accused of murder and sexual offences, represents a complex and emotive area of work for police officers. Using an English sample of 59 actual police interviews, the effects of empathy and question type on the amount of investigation-relevant information obtained from interviews with suspects of child murder, child sex offences and adult murder were analysed and compared. No direct effects of empathy on the amount of information elicited were found. However, in interviews classified as empathic, interviewers asked significantly more appropriate questions than they did in interviews classified as non-empathic, and significantly more items of information were elicited from appropriate questions. There was a significant effect of offence type on the number of inappropriate, questions asked, with significantly more inappropriate questions being asked in interviews with suspects of child sex offences than in interviews with suspects of child or adult murder.     

Evaluation of empathy measurement tools in nursing: systematic review

Title.  Evaluation of empathy measurement tools in nursing: systematic review.
Aim.  This paper is a report of a systematic review conducted to analyse, evaluate and synthesize the rigour of measures used in nursing research to assess empathy, in order to identify a 'gold standard' for application in future studies.
Background.  Empathy is considered essential to the provision of quality care. We identified 20 different empathy measures used in nursing research. There are inconsistencies between tools, indicating both the inherent complexity of measuring empathy and the need to evaluate the rigour of the measures themselves.
Data sources.  An extensive search was conducted for the period 1987 and 2007 using the Medline, CINAHL and PsycINFO databases and the keywords 'empathy', 'tool', 'scale', 'measure', 'nurse' and 'nursing'. Twenty-nine studies were identified as relevant, in which 20 different empathy measurement tools were used. Twelve tools met the inclusion criteria for this review.
Method.  Twelve measures were critically reviewed and analysed. A 7-criterion framework was developed to appraise the rigour of the empathy measures, with a score range of 0–14 for each measure.
Results.  Quality scores obtained were low (2–8 of 14). Validity and reliability of data were commonly reported, but responsiveness to change was tested in only three measures. None of the measures were psychometrically robust or covered all the domains of empathy. User involvement was limited and only five were developed in nursing settings.
Conclusion.  Most measures have undergone rigorous development and psychometric testing, although none is both psychometrically and conceptually satisfactory. Empathy measures need to cover all relevant domains reflecting users' own perspectives and be tested with appropriate populations in relevant care settings.     

Beyond empathy: clinical intimacy in nursing practice

Abstract Understanding, shared meaning, and mutual trust lie at the heart of the therapeutic nurse–patient relationship. This article introduces the concept of clinical intimacy by applying the interpersonal process model of intimacy to the nurse–patient relationship. The distinction between complementary and reciprocal behaviours, and between intimate interactions and intimate relationships, addresses background concerns about the appropriateness of intimacy in nursing relationships. The mutual construction of meaning in the interactive process between nurses and patients is seen to lie at the heart of clinical intimacy as a hermeneutic enterprise. Intimacy is distinguished from empathy based on intentionality and the status and location of meaning. Reasons for continued investigation into clinical intimacy as an explanatory model for nursing as a hermeneutic practice are presented.