Recognition of moyamoya disease and its hemorrhagic risk using deep learning algorithms:sourced from retrospective studies

Although intracranial hemorrhage in moyamoya disease can occur repeatedly, predicting the disease is difficult. Deep learning algorithms developed in recent years provide a new angle for identifying hidden risk factors, evaluating the weight of different factors, and quantitatively evaluating the risk of intracranial hemorrhage in moyamoya disease. To investigate whether convolutional neural network algorithms can be used to recognize moyamoya disease and predict hemorrhagic episodes, we retrospectively selected 460 adult unilateral hemispheres with moyamoya vasculopathy as positive samples for diagnosis modeling, including 418 hemispheres with moyamoya disease and 42 hemispheres with moyamoya syndromes. Another 500 hemispheres with normal vessel appearance were selected as negative samples. We used deep residual neural network(Res Net-152) algorithms to extract features from raw data obtained from digital subtraction angiography of the internal carotid artery, then trained and validated the model. The accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of the model in identifying unilateral moyamoya vasculopathy were 97.64 ± 0.87%, 96.55 ± 3.44%, and 98.29 ± 0.98%, respectively. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.990. We used a combined multi-view conventional neural network algorithm to integrate age, sex, and hemorrhagic factors with features of the digital subtraction angiography. The accuracy of the model in predicting unilateral hemorrhagic risk was 90.69 ± 1.58% and the sensitivity and specificity were 94.12 ± 2.75% and 89.86 ± 3.64%, respectively. The deep learning algorithms we proposed were valuable and might assist in the automatic diagnosis of moyamoya disease and timely recognition of the risk for re-hemorrhage. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, China(approved No. 2014-278) on January 12, 2015.     

In vitro and in vivo investigation of glucose-mediated brain-targeting liposomes

New glycosyl derivative of cholesterol was synthesized as a material for preparing novel liposome to overcome the ineffective delivery of normal drug formulations to brain by targeting the (glucose transporters) GLUTs on the BBB. Coumarin-6 was used as fluorescent probe. The results have shown that the cytotoxicity for the brain capillary endothelial cells (BCECs) of the glucose-mediated brain targeting liposome containing coumarin-6 was less than that of conventional liposome. The BBB model in vitro was established by coculturing of BCECs and astrocytes (ACs) of rat to test the transendothelial ability crossing the BBB. The transendothelial ability was confirmed strengthen alone with the amount of the new glycosyl derivative of cholesterol used in liposome. After i.v. administration of LIP, control liposome (CLP), and GLP-4, the AUC_0–t of coumarin-6 for GLP-4 was 2.85 times higher than that of LIP, and 3.33 times higher than that of CLP. The C_max of CLP-4 was 1.43 times higher than that of LIP, and 3.10 times higher than that of CLP. Both pharmacokinetics and distribution in mice were also investigated to show that this novel brain targeting drug delivery system was promising.     

Targeting Aurora B kinase prevents and overcomes resistance to EGFR inhibitors in lung cancer by enhancing BIM- and PUMA-mediated apoptosis

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Influence of unfused cranial bones on magnetoencephalography signals in human infants

ObjectiveTo clarify the effects of unfused cranial bones on magnetoencephalography (MEG) signals during early development.MethodsIn a simulation study, we compared the MEG signals over a spherical head model with a circular hole mimicking the anterior fontanel to those over the same head model without the fontanel for different head and fontanel sizes with varying skull thickness and conductivity.ResultsThe fontanel had small effects according to three indices. The sum of differences in signal over a sensor array due to a fontanel, for example, was < 6% of the sum without the fontanel. However, the fontanel effects were extensive for dipole sources deep in the brain or outside the fontanel for larger fontanels. The effects were comparable in magnitude for tangential and radial sources. Skull thickness significantly increased the effect, while skull conductivity had minor effects.ConclusionMEG signal is weakly affected by a fontanel. However, the effects can be extensive and significant for radial sources, thicker skull and large fontanels. The fontanel effects can be intuitively explained by the concept of secondary sources at the fontanel wall.SignificanceThe minor influence of unfused cranial bones simplifies MEG analysis, but it should be considered for quantitative analysis.     

Synaptic Plasticity in Mouse Models of Autism Spectrum Disorders

Analysis of synaptic plasticity together with behavioral and molecular studies have become a popular approach to model autism spectrum disorders in order to gain insight into the pathosphysiological mechanisms and to find therapeutic targets. Abnormalities of specific types of synaptic plasticity have been revealed in numerous genetically modified mice that have molecular construct validity to human autism spectrum disorders. Constrained by the feasibility of technique, the common regions analyzed in most studies are hippocampus and visual cortex. The relevance of the synaptic defects in these regions to the behavioral abnormalities of autistic like behaviors is still a subject of debate. Because the exact regions or circuits responsible for the core features of autistic behaviors in humans are still poorly understood, investigation using region-specific conditional mutant mice may help to provide the insight into the neuroanatomical basis of autism in the future.     

颅脑损伤在手术室中的护理救治流程

创伤已成为青壮年人群的“第一杀手”［1］，是社会劳动力丧失的主要原因。而在创伤人群中，颅脑损伤居全身各部位损伤中的第二位，仅次于四肢损伤，但其病死率和致残率均居首位，平均为30％～40％［2］，其主要死亡原因为急性顽固性高颅压、大面积脑缺血、脑水肿，目前最有效的治疗方法为手术。近年来，本院全军战创伤中心建立和完善严重创伤救治绿色通道，提高了创伤急救人员的素质和相关科室的急诊意识，使严重创伤患者的救治成功率大为提高。我科护理组人员根据该项工作的经验，结合本科室工作特色，进一步梳理和规范了有关工作流程，使其操作性更强，更易于本专科人员学习和掌握。手术室救治流程再造后，患者到达医院至手术开始的时间，从2008年的82．6min缩短到现在的48．6min，手术室护理救治流程再造促进了“绿色通道”的建设，并取得了显著成效。现将我科手术室护理救治流程再造汇报如下。     

右旋美托咪啶在创伤性脑损伤中应用的研究进展

背景 右旋美托咪啶( dexmedetomidine,DEX)是新型的高选择性α2肾上腺素受体激动剂,具有镇静、镇痛和抗交感等作用,其特点为镇静易于唤醒,且对呼吸无抑制作用.脑损伤患者需要适当镇静降低脑氧耗,减少继发性脑损伤,同时又要求易于唤醒便于临床医生判断神智.目的 综述DEX在创伤性脑损伤(traumatic brain injury,TBI)中应用的研究进展,为该药在临床工作中的应用提供参考.内容 从作用机制、对脑损伤的影响及临床应用3个方面论述DEX对TBI的影响.趋向 DEX具有镇静、抗交感、抗凋亡等多种神经保护作用,且其无呼吸抑制,不影响对患者神智判断,这些特性似乎使其成为较有前景的脑创伤镇静剂.但目前DEX在脑创伤动物模型或患者中研究甚少,我们仍然不清楚其在脑创伤动物模型或患者的综合作用如何.     

Oncolytic adenoviruses for treatment of brain tumours

Standard therapies are not capable of curing patients with malignant glioma; more than 90% of patients die within 2 years after diagnosis. Gene therapy appeared as a promising new approach for this disease. However, results of clinical trials with replication deficient viral vectors were disappointing. The main reasons being poor transduction efficiency of adenovirus towards glioma cells and limited spread and distribution of the vector in the tumour. With the increasing knowledge of viral genetics and its functions, an attractive alternative tool to kill malignant glioma cells has been developed: Replicating adenovirus as an oncolytic agent. This type of therapy, also referred to as virotherapy, has the potential to overcome some of the limitations connected with replication deficient adenoviral vectors. In this review the authors describe the latest developments in strategies that are being used to create a tumour- or glioma- selective replicating adenovirus. Special attention is given to the methods of viral delivery to an infiltrating tumour in the brain, regarding optimal dose and toxicity. Furthermore, the role of conventional antitumour treatments, such as irradiation and chemotherapy, in enhancing the effect of virotherapy is being emphasised.     

Thalamic deep brain stimulation for Tourette Syndrome: A naturalistic trial with brief randomized,double-blinded sham-controlled periods

BackgroundThere is still a lack of controlled studies to prove efficacy of thalamic deep brain stimulation for Tourette's Syndrome.ObjectivesIn this controlled trial, we investigated the course of tic severity, comorbidities and quality of life during thalamic stimulation and whether changes in tic severity can be assigned to ongoing compared to sham stimulation.MethodsWe included eight adult patients with medically refractory Tourette's syndrome. Bilateral electrodes were implanted in the centromedian-parafascicular-complex and the nucleus ventro-oralis internus. Tic severity, quality of life and comorbidities were assessed before surgery as well as six and twelve months after. Short randomized, double-blinded sham-controlled crossover sequences with either active or sham stimulation were implemented at both six- and twelve-months’ assessments. The primary outcome measurement was the difference in the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale tic score between active and sham stimulation. Adverse events were systematically surveyed for all patients to evaluate safety.ResultsActive stimulation resulted in significantly higher tic reductions than sham stimulation (F = 79.5; p = 0.001). Overall quality of life and comorbidities improved significantly in the open-label-phase. Over the course of the trial two severe adverse events occurred that were resolved without sequelae.ConclusionOur results provide evidence that thalamic stimulation is effective in improving tic severity and overall quality of life. Crucially, the reduction of tic severity was primarily driven by active stimulation. Further research may focus on improving stimulation protocols and refining patient selection to improve efficacy and safety of deep brain stimulation for Tourette's Syndrome.