Stroke and treatment with nasal CPAP

Stroke patients present a high prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and those with OSA have a higher mortality after 1 year and poorer functional outcome compared with others. The aim of this study was to prospectively evaluate the acceptance of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) by recent stroke patients with OSA. Recruitment of non-comatose stroke patients with sufficient consciousness for diagnostic evaluation of OSA was performed and they were treated at home with nasal CPAP after hospital calibration and training on the usage of CPAP. Initial evaluation and regular follow-up of the home trial of auto-CPAP was carried out for a duration of 8 weeks. Of 50 initially recruited patients, 32 (100%) responded to the minimum cognitive criteria but seven patients (22%) only used nasal CPAP for 8 weeks. Subject dropout was related to difficulties with CPAP usage as perceived by patient and family members, facial weakness, motor impairment and increase difficulties and discomfort with usage of full-face mask. The majority of OSA stroke patients rejected CPAP treatment. Better education and support of patients and families, and special training sessions in rehabilitation services, will be needed to improve compliance.     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者血清C反应蛋白、内皮素-1、肿瘤坏死因子-α水平变化及其临床意义

目的 探讨血清C反应蛋白(CRP)、内皮素-1(ET-1)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)在阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAHS)中的变化及其意义.方法 选取经多导睡眠监测系统(PSG)确诊且未经治疗并排除其他疾病的OSAHS患者60例为OSAHS组;对照组为50例PSG监测正常且排除其他疾病者.分别测定CRP、ET-1、TNF-α水平.结果 OSAHS组血清CRP、ET-1、TNF-α分别为(7.87±6.56) mg/L、(84.24±23.46) ng/L、(24.83±5.89) ng/L,均高于对照组(P＜0.05).结论 血清CRP、ET-1、TNF-α水平在OSAHS患者中均升高,表明它们均参与了OSAHS的病理生理过程,OSAHS患者存在着系统性炎症.     

Challenges in Pulmonary Risk Assessment and Perioperative Management in Bariatric Surgery Patients

Bariatric surgery has serious associated medical comorbidity and procedure-related risks and is, thus, considered an intermediate-to-high-risk non-cardiac surgery. Altered respiratory mechanics, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and less often, pulmonary hypertension and postoperative pulmonary embolism are the major contributors to poor pulmonary outcomes in obese patients. Attention to posture and positioning is critical in patients with OSA. Suspected OSA patients requiring intravenous narcotics should be kept in a monitored setting with frequent assessments and naloxone kept at the bedside. Use of reverse Tredelenburg position, preinduction, maintenance of positive end-expiratory pressure, and use of continuous positive airway pressure can help improve oxygenation in the perioperative period.     

Sleep disorders: Serious threats among kidney transplant recipients

In patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and kidney transplant recipients who continue to have some degree of CKD, the prevalence of sleep-related disorders is very high. Common sleep disorders in both groups include insomnia, sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), restless legs syndrome (RLS), excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), and others. Depending on the kidney graft function, some patients see sleep disorders resolve after kidney transplantation, while others continue to have persistent sleep disorders or develop new ones. Kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) are unique patients due to the presence of a single kidney, the use of immunosuppressive medications, and other comorbidities including obesity, a high risk of cardiovascular disease, malignancy, and the anxiety of losing their allograft. All of these factors contribute to the risk for sleep disorders. CKD and sleep disorders have a bidirectional relationship; that is, CKD may increase the risk of sleep disorders and sleep disorders may increase the risk of CKD. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is the most common form of SDB and is known to alter renal hemodynamics. OSA leads to hypoxemia and sleeps fragmentation, which activates the sympathetic nervous system. This activates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and ultimately alters cardiovascular hemodynamics. Sleep disorders may have deleterious effects on the kidney allograft and proper screening and management are important for both graft and patient survival.     

Síntomas de tramo urinario inferior y síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño: evolución urodinámica antes y después de un año de tratamiento con presión continua positiva de la vía aérea

ObjectiveTo report the clinical evolution and the urodynamic behaviour of several lower tract urinary symptoms in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome before and after the treatment with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) devices.MethodsA prospective study was performed; patients with recent diagnosis of sleep apnea confirmed by nocturnal sleep polygraphy and absence of medical urological past history. In order to discard important lower urinary tract conditions, urological examinations were previously performed. Urinary symptoms were evaluated using the IPSS and OAB-V8 validated questionnaires, three-day Bladder Diary and invasive urodynamic examinations with a gap of one year before and one year after using the CPAP.Results84 urodynamic studies were carried out in 43 patients. The IPSS score decreased by 3.58 points. The OAB-V8 score decreased by 2.87 points. Nocturia episodes decreased to one per night. The percentage of patients with nocturnal polyuria went down to 26%. The bladder compliance significantly increased (97.39 vs 200.40 ml/cm H2O). The presence of detrusor overactivity decreased from 11 (before CPAP) to 5 patients (after CPAP).ConclusionThe proper treatment with CPAP showed a statistical and clinical improvement of several LUTS with limited urodynamic modifications.     

不同年龄阶段重度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者睡眠脑电波特征研究

背景　阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）是一种常见的睡眠障碍,既往研究表明,年长患者更容易出现睡眠结构的变化和认知功能下降,其原因尚未完全明确,且目前关于睡眠脑电波（EEG）和睡眠结构与不同年龄阶段OSAHS患者关系的研究较少。目的　探究不同年龄阶段重度OSAHS的EEG特征,旨在进一步为大脑可塑性变化提供重要信息,指导临床治疗。方法　选取2017年6月—2018年3月在北京大学深圳医院睡眠呼吸障碍疾病诊疗中心确诊的67例重度OSAHS患者,依据我国最新的年龄划分标准将其分为年轻组（18~40岁,n=34）和年长组（41~65岁,n=33）。比较两组患者呼吸暂停低通气指数（AHI）、夜间最低血氧饱和度（LSpO2）、睡眠有效率,非快速眼动睡眠（NREM）各分期（N1、N2、N3期）、快速眼动睡眠（REM）期睡眠时间占总睡眠时间百分比,NREM期各波〔δ波（0.5~4.0 Hz）、θ波（4.1~8.0 Hz）、α波（8.1~12.0 Hz）和β波（12.1~30.0 Hz）〕脑电能量密度;并分析两组患者NREM期各波脑电能量密度、REM期睡眠时间、睡眠有效率与AHI的相关性。结果　年长组患者N1期、N2期睡眠时间占总睡眠时间百分比大于年轻组,年长组患者N3期、REM期睡眠时间占总睡眠时间百分比小于年轻组（P<0.05）。年长组患者N1期、N2期、N3期δ波脑电能量密度均低于年轻组（P<0.05）。年长组患者N3期θ波脑电能量密度低于年轻组（P<0.05）。年长组患者N2期、N3期α波脑电能量密度低于年轻组（P<0.05）。年长组患者N1期、N2期、N3期β波脑电能量密度均高于年轻组（P<0.05）。年轻组患者NREM期δ波、θ波、α波脑电能量密度及REM期睡眠时间、睡眠有效率与AHI呈负相关（r值分别为-0.338、-0.315、-0.383、-0.483、-0.501,P值均<0.05）;年轻组患者NREM期β波脑电能量密度与AHI无直线相关关系（P>0.05）。年长组患者NREM期各波脑电能量密度、REM期睡眠时间和睡眠有效率与AHI无直线相关关系（P>0.05）。结论　重度OSAHS的年轻患者与年长患者的EEG存在明显差异,年长患者N1期、N2期睡眠时间较长,而N3、REM期睡眠时间较短;与年轻患者相比,年长患者NREM期的δ波、N3期的θ波和α波均减少,而NREM期的β波却明显增加。这些EEG的改变导致了重度OSAHS的年长患者深睡眠时间减少,而浅睡眠时间增加,外界的刺激及间歇性低氧更容易导致觉醒,直接导致睡眠片段化增加。     

儿茶酚雌激素介导慢性间歇低氧诱导OSAHS雌性大鼠遗尿模型的建立

目的：利用慢性间歇低氧（CIH）诱导建立阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）遗尿雌性大鼠模型,并探讨儿茶酚雌激素（CE）在CIH诱导的OSAHS遗尿中的作用。方法：选取6周龄SD雌性大鼠16只,随机分成CIH组和对照组,每组8只。实验组置于常压间歇低氧舱,对照组置于同等条件下的空气模拟对照舱,均放置4周。监测24 h进水及排尿量;测定血清中CE,儿茶酚胺类化合物如肾上腺素（Adr）、去甲肾上腺素（NA）和多巴胺（DA）含量及其儿茶酚氧位甲基转移酶（COMT）活性;测定排尿阈;留取膀胱行HE及Weigert染色,光镜下观察组织学变化。结果：CIH组大鼠氧舱外进水量及排尿量与对照组比,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。但CIH组大鼠氧舱内排尿量明显增加,血清中CE、Adr、NA和DA含量明显增高,而COMT的活性明显降低,排尿阈明显降低,膀胱组织光镜下显示膀胱逼尿肌肌束排列紊乱、疏松,部分肌束断裂。结论：CIH可诱导雌性大鼠发生遗尿,伴有排尿量增多,排尿阈降低,血清中儿茶酚胺类化合物含量增高,而COMT的活性降低,与儿童OSAHS诱发遗尿的临床症状相似,提示通过CIH诱导建立OSAHS遗尿雌鼠模型基本可行。     

睡眠重叠综合征与糖尿病发病率的横断面调查研究

目的: 阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停(obstructive sleep apnea, OSA)与慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, COPD)均增加冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(简称冠心病)和代谢性疾病的风险,但鲜有研究关注二者合并的睡眠重叠综合征是否比单一疾病更为增加临床患病概率,本研究目的是调查睡眠重叠综合征与糖尿病发病率的相关性。方法: 回顾2011年1月至2014年12月在北京安贞医院睡眠医学中心接受便携式睡眠监测的1 939名患者。COPD的诊断基于临床表现和肺功能,OSA的诊断需要呼吸暂停低通气指数 ≥15次/h。研究对象被分为对照组(n=1 093)、单纯COPD组(n=62)、单纯OSA组(n=735)、重叠综合征组(n=49),使用Logistic回归模型分析糖尿病发病的相关因素。结果: 重叠综合征患者患2型糖尿病的概率均高于对照组和单纯OSA患者(OR=5.82, 95%CI:3.23~10.48, P<0.001和OR=4.35, 95%CI:2.41~7.88, P<0.001)。矫正年龄、性别、体重指数等因素后差异仍有统计学意义(OR=2.69, 95%CI:1.13~6.52, P=0.026和OR=3.64, 95%CI:1.53~8.83, P=0.004)。年龄<58岁的患者和女性患者中,重叠综合征与2型糖尿病的发生存在独立相关性(OR=8.45, 95%CI:1.46~65.90, P=0.018与OR=4.39, 95%CI:1.04~22.50, P=0.044);年龄≥58岁的患者和男性患者中,重叠综合征与糖尿病发病无显著相关性。结论: 睡眠重叠综合征与2型糖尿病的发病存在相关性,需要进一步研究证实治疗重叠综合征是否能降低代谢异常的风险,甚至减少未来并发症的概率。     

妊娠期阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停筛查的研究进展

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停（OSA）是妊娠人群中常见的睡眠呼吸障碍性疾病,不仅与多种不良妊娠结局相关,也可能对母婴远期健康产生重要影响。目前诊断OSA的金标准多导睡眠监测在妊娠人群中难以大规模开展,导致绝大多数妊娠期OSA未能得到及时诊断。寻求其他筛查策略和筛查工具准确识别具有OSA风险的孕妇并进行及时诊治,对于改善不良妊娠结局具有重要意义。本文针对妊娠期OSA患病率、筛查现状、筛查时机、目标人群、筛查工具的研究进展进行综述,以期为妊娠期OSA的筛查提供参考和理论依据。     

电子鼻咽镜评估改良悬雍垂腭咽成形术中软腭切除范围的作用*

目的: 利用电子鼻咽镜测量Ⅱ型阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)患者上气道解剖结构,以指导在改良悬雍垂腭咽成形术中精准切除软腭范围,提高手术疗效。方法: 自2020年2月至10月,应用电子鼻咽镜,在清醒状态下,经鼻对38例Ⅱ型OSAHS患者腭部的长度及咽后壁派氏嵴的距离进行术前评估测量,采用完整保留悬雍垂及软腭游离缘改良术式,切除过长的软腭组织,平均切除软腭长度(10.3±3.7) mm。术后随访6～12月,复查腭部的长度及派氏嵴的距离,观察术后并发症及临床疗效。结果: 根据术前电子鼻咽镜测量结果,切除过长的软腭组织进行改良悬雍垂腭咽成形术,患者术后临床症状明显改善,无出现术后常见的并发症;PSG检测术前、后明显改善,其疗效有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。结论: 应用电子鼻咽镜对Ⅱ型OSAHS患者的上气道解剖结构进行测量,可以为手术治疗OSAHS患者提供准确的软腭切除范围,有效防止术后并发症的发生,提高手术疗效。