Self‐application of single‐use eyedrop containers in an elderly population: comparisons with standard eyedrop bottle and with younger patients

Purpose: To test whether patients aged ≥80 years can safely and successfully apply eyedrops from a single‐use eyedrop container without support, and to compare the results with those of younger patients using single‐use containers and older patients using standard eyedrop bottles. Methods: Patients aged ≥80 years who had no physical or mental conditions hindering self‐application of eyedrops and actually did so because of glaucoma or dry eyes were included consecutively in the study group (n = 44) in order to perform self‐application of eyedrops from single‐use eyedrop containers. Patients were observed meticulously by two investigators, who documented practical problems during the procedure in a checklist. In control group A (n = 22), glaucoma or sicca patients aged between 50 and 65 years applied drops from single‐use eyedrop containers; in control group B (n = 28), glaucoma or sicca patients aged ≥80 years used a traditional eyedrop bottle. Results: Successful application of the drops into the conjunctival sac was achieved by 57% in the study group (95% and 89% in control groups A and B, respectively). Scratching of the eyedrop container along the conjunctiva or cornea was observed in 68% of the study group (41% and 61% in control groups A and B, respectively). Frequency of problems during opening and self‐application of single‐use eyedrop containers in the study group showed an inverse correlation to visual acuity in the better eye and previous experience with this kind of eyedrop container. Conclusion: Older patients have massive problems in self‐administering eyedrops from single‐use containers. Factors influencing the success of self‐application may include the patient’s previous experience with this kind of eyedrop container and the patient’s visual acuity.     

熔体造粒法生产尿基复合（混）肥工艺技术的比较

对我国开发应用的塔式造粒、冷冻结晶造粒、油冷造粒、钢带冷却造粒等熔体法生产尿基复合(混)肥造粒工艺技术特点进行了比较,为国内各复合(混)肥厂家新建生产装置或技术改造提供参考.     

多动症儿童学龄期心理问题的预防与干预

注意缺陷多动障碍(简称多动症)是最常见的儿童精神障碍之一,其核心症状为注意力不足、多动、冲动。由于多动症常见于学龄期,儿童在成长过程中不仅有注意缺陷或多动、冲动障碍,而且由此衍生出一系列学习、情绪、行为及适应问题。通过分析多动症儿童学龄期常见的心理问题,提出了"接纳-自适应-积极心理治疗"等防范原则和干预策略,即:以接纳的态度面对多动症儿童的行为,帮助其了解自身特性;以自适应理论辅导多动症儿童养成有规律的生活习惯,为其创造可能成功的机会,增进其正面行为;以积极心理学疗法为多动症儿童建立积极和鼓励的学校环境,加强集中注意力的训练,或采用药物治疗的方式提升整体治疗的效果等。结论认为,这些预防与干预的原则和策略不仅对多动症儿童学龄期有效,也具有长期效应。     

不同年龄阶段颈椎病临床研究进展

目的:旨在研究不同年龄段颈椎病的临床患病特点。方法:把不同年龄阶段的颈椎病患者划分为儿童、青少年和中老年型颈椎病,分别从诊断依据、发病机制、预防与治疗方面进行分析。结果:儿童、青年、中老年型颈椎病在临床表现、病机、防治方面既有相同之处,亦有不同之处。结论:不同年龄段的颈椎病明显存在差异性,而相应研究缺乏统一的各型诊断标准、病情分级标准、治疗标准、康复标准及颈椎病的自我预防康复;对颈椎病的实验研究也甚少;在中医"治未病,既病防变"理论方面报道甚少。     

山东省农村育龄妇女代表性膳食下铁、锌、钙吸收率分析

目的:研究山东省农村育龄妇女代表性膳食下铁、锌、钙的吸收率,以及膳食因素对它们吸收利用的影响。方法:用代谢平衡法,使用原子吸收分光光度计(AAS)测定膳食与粪便的铁、锌、钙,计算铁、锌、钙的吸收率。同时测定影响铁、锌、钙吸收的因子:膳食脂肪、蛋白、植酸、纤维素和VitC的含量,计算日平均摄入量,将其结果与我国育龄妇女每日推荐膳食营养素摄入量(RNI)进行比较。结果:铁、锌、钙的吸收率分别为8·26%、21·48%、47·94%,铁的平均日摄入量为13·77mg,占RNI的68·85%,远低于推荐量,锌的平均日摄入量为15·43mg,占RNI的102·87%,高于推荐量,钙的平均日摄入量为409·38mg,占RNI的51·17%,远低于推荐量。蛋白质和VitC的日摄入量分别为65·70g与34·20mg,占RNI的82·12%~109·50%和34·20%,低于推荐量。脂肪、植酸和膳食纤维的摄入量较高。结论:在蛋白质和抗坏血酸的日摄入量较低,脂肪、植酸和膳食纤维的摄入量较高的条件下,铁吸收率较低,铁营养缺乏,锌营养尚可,钙摄入量显著低于RNI,显示钙摄入严重不足。     

诺贝尔生理学或医学奖获得者科学产出年龄特征分析

1981-2005年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖55位获得者科学产出年龄特征显示：个人最大、最小和平均获奖年龄均呈现逐渐增高趋势；个人平均获奖年龄为60．76岁，个人平均获奖研究年龄为42．56-46．66岁；SCI论文数高峰年龄平均51．00岁，SCI论文被引次数高峰年龄平均47．71岁，SCI论文期刊影响因子高峰年龄平均48．62岁；SCI论文、SCI论文被引次数和SCI论文期刊影响因子高峰年龄平均数与获奖研究年龄的差值分别为4．34-8．34年、1．05-5．05年和1．96-5．96年。     

新型农村合作医疗制度与城镇医疗保障制度比较

新型农村合作医疗制度与城镇职工医疗保障制度,是我国处于转型时期、适应"二元"经济和社会发展所设计的,适用不同主体的医疗保障制度。从二者的异同比较中可以看出,二者更多的是制度框架、制度内容和制度性质的相同或相近,而二者的不同,更多地表现在形式上的差异,其保障水平、管理水平与管理能力的差别,更多的是由于经济和社会发展的"二元"背景差异所导致。     

The research implications of the selection of a gestational age estimation method

There are three primary methods of gestational age estimation: dating based on last menstrual period (LMP), ultrasound-based dating and neonatal estimates. We review the strengths and limitations of each method as well as their implications for research. Dating based on LMP is a simple, low-cost method of estimating gestational age. Limitations associated with the use of menstrual-based dating include reporting problems such as uncertainty regarding the LMP date, possibly due to bleeding not associated with menses, as well as concerns about the incidence of delayed ovulation, which can result in invalid estimates of gestation, even for women with certain LMP dates. Given that most women in the US have at least one ultrasound during pregnancy, it is becoming increasingly common for clinicians to verify menstrual dates using early ultrasound. To calculate gestational age with the use of ultrasound, fetal measurements are compared with a gestational age-specific reference. The primary limitation of this method is the fact that the gestational age estimates of symmetrically large or small fetuses will be biased. Further, given that ultrasound references were developed using pregnancies that were dated according to reliable LMP dates, they are potentially biased in the same direction as dates calculated according to LMP. Neonatal estimates of gestational age have been shown to be the least precise dating method. To highlight the research implications of the choice of a gestational dating method, we used data from the Routine Antenatal Diagnostic Imaging with Ultrasound Study to identify risk factors for post-term delivery. Risk factors for post-term delivery are shown to vary according to the choice of a gestational dating method, suggesting that some findings are an artefact of the choice of a method rather than evidence of causality.     

蝶啶荧光分析法在丝光绿蝇成虫日龄推断中的应用

目的:探讨蝶啶荧光分析法用于丝光绿蝇Lucilia sericata成虫日龄及死亡时间推断的潜力。方法:将L.sericata成虫于16、20、24、28和32℃5种恒温下饲养,此后取样1次/2~3 d。取各日龄雌、雄成虫头壳于Tris-HCl(pH8.0)缓冲液中匀浆,离心,用荧光分光光度计测定上清液的荧光强度。结果:在5种恒温下,雌、雄成虫头壳蝶啶含量与日龄均呈显著线性关系(r2>0.77,P<0.01);蝶啶积累速率与温度也呈显著线性关系(r2>0.88,P<0.01)。应用蝶啶荧光分析法对自然温度下L.sericata雌、雄成虫日龄的估计表明,估计与实际日龄呈显著线性关系(r2>0.87,P<0.01),其中雌成虫日龄估计误差平均为±1.5 d,雄成虫±1.7 d。结论:蝶啶荧光分析法可有效用于L.sericata成虫日龄的推断。     

应用蝶啶荧光分析法推断绯颜裸金蝇成虫日龄

目的:探讨蝶啶荧光分析法用于绯颜裸金蝇Achoetandrus rufifacies成虫日龄及进一步用于死亡时间推断的潜力。方法:将A.rufifacies成虫于16、20、24、28和32℃5种恒温下饲养,此后取样1次/2~3 d。取各日龄雌、雄成虫头壳于Tris-HCl(pH8.0)缓冲液中匀浆,离心,用荧光分光光度计测定上清液的荧光强度。结果:在5种恒温下,雌、雄成虫头壳蝶啶含量与日龄均呈显著的线性关系(r2>0.87,P<0.01);蝶啶积累速率与温度也呈显著的线性关系(r2>0.87,P<0.01)。应用蝶啶荧光分析法对自然温度下A.rufifacies雌、雄成虫日龄的估计表明,估计与实际日龄呈显著的线性关系(r2>0.52,P<0.01),其中雌成虫日龄估计误差平均为±3.6 d,雄成虫±2.3 d。结论:蝶啶荧光分析法可有效用于A.rufifacies成虫日龄的推断。