Voltammetric evidence that subsensitivity to reward following chronic mild stress is associated with increased release of mesolimbic dopamine

Chronic exposure to mild unpredictable stress caused a decrease in rats' consumption of a palatable weak sucrose solution, which was reversed by chronic (5 weeks) administration of imipramine (5 mg/kg/day). Dopamine (DA) release in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and caudate putamen (CPu) was measured in vivo using fast cyclic voltammetry, following electrical stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle. Experiments were performed under chloral hydrate anaesthesia 48 h after the termination of stress and the final imipramine injection. DA release was increased in the NAc of both stressed and imipramine-treated animals; imipramine did not normalize the increased DA release in stressed animals. In a further experiment, brain slices from stressed animals tended to be subsensitive to the inhibition of DA release in the NAc by quinpirole. No changes were observed in the CPu in any experiment. We discuss the relationship of these effects to stress-induced anhedonia.     

大环内酯类抗生素麦迪霉素的电化学特性

在K₂HPO₄,NH₄Cl+NH₃和NaOH的10%(v/v)乙醇水溶液中,除0.01mol·L^-1以上NaOH液作为支持电解质外,麦迪霉素的伏安波皆为两个峰。峰A相当于它的甲醛基还原波,峰B为催化吸附氢波。溶液pH对两峰有强烈的影响。实验表明伏安波有吸附特性,且不可逆。两峰的ip与麦迪霉素的浓度成正比,线性范围分别为3×10^-6～3×10^-5mol·L^-1和1×10^-7～4×10^-5mol·L^-1,检测限为:1×10-6mol·L^-1和5×10^-8mol·L^-1。可应用于麦迪霉素的定量测定。研究了两峰的特性和电极机理,测定了有关的物理常数。     

Theoretical and experimental study of Differential Pulse Voltammetry at spherical electrodes: Measuring diffusion coefficients and formal potentials

Rigorous and approximate analytical expressions are deduced for Differential Pulse Voltammetry at spherical electrodes of any size, including microelectrodes, when the electrogenerated species is soluble in the electrolytic solution. From these, we examine the utility of DPV for the determination of diffusion coefficients and formal potentials, establishing the optimum conditions for this purpose. The experimental validation of the theoretical results is reported for mercury microelectrodes of ca. 50 and 10 μm diameters both in aqueous and ionic liquid media.     

Electro-oxidation and determination of gabapentin at gold electrode

The electrochemical oxidation of gabapentin has been investigated for the first time by cyclic, linear sweep and differential-pulse voltammetry at different pH at gold electrode. Cyclic voltammetric studies were performed in a wide range of sweep rates and various concentrations of gabapentin. The effect of surfactants was studied. The anodic peak was characterized and process was adsorption-controlled. The oxidation peak corresponds to the amine and probable mechanism was proposed. According to the linear relation between the peak current and the gabapentin concentration, differential-pulse voltammetric method for the quantitative determination in pharmaceuticals was developed. The linear response was obtained in the range of 0.3–15 μM with a detection limit of 0.13 μM with good selectivity and sensitivity. The proposed method was successfully applied to gabapentin determination in pharmaceutical samples and for the detection of gabapentin in urine as a real sample.     

On the importance of correcting for the uncompensated Ohmic resistance in model experiments of the Oxygen Reduction Reaction

When measuring the current due to the Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR) and hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) on Pt and Pt alloys in aqueous electrolyte, it is important to take care of two major sources of error that are relatively easy to correct for. First, when measuring ORR voltammetry, adsorption processes are superimposed on the current. Second, the system resistance causes an Ohmic drop that may have a profound effect on the measured curves, especially at the higher currents close to the diffusion limiting current. More importantly, we show that it also influences the kinetic part of the potential curve in such a way that the Tafel slope may be determined incorrectly when failing to correct for Ohmic drop. Finally, because electrolyte resistance lowers with increasing temperature, failure to compensate for Ohmic drop may lead to erroneous conclusions about the temperature-dependent activity of a catalyst as well as the corresponding activation energies.     

Molecularly imprinted poly[tetra(o-aminophenyl)porphyrin] as a stable and selective coating for the development of voltammetric sensors

Molecularly Imprinted poly[tetra(o-aminophenyl)porphyrin] is presented as an electrosynthesized coating for the development of selective microsensors. A carbon fiber microelectrode has been modified with this covering by cyclic voltammetry in the potential range from −0.15 to 1.0 V (scan rate 50 mV s⁻¹) obtaining a microsensor able to recognize the template molecule. To carry out this study dopamine was chosen as model to work with, since this molecule presents electroactivity as it can be oxidized on carbon electrodes. The MIP sensor presented a linear response to the dopamine concentration in the range from 10⁻⁶ to 10⁻⁴ M with good repeatability (RSD 6.22%). The selectivity shown by the microsensor was found to be excellent as it was able to differentiate between different catecholamines. A method has been developed for the determination of dopamine in brain tissue samples using the MIP microsensor.     

Determination of methylprednisolone acetate in biological fluids at gold nanoparticles modified ITO electrode

The electrochemical behavior of a corticosteroid methylprednisolone (MP), used for doping, has been studied at gold nanoparticles modified indium tin oxide (nanoAu/ITO) electrode. The nanoAu/ITO electrode exhibited an effective catalytic response towards its oxidation and lowered its oxidation potential by 127 mV when compared with bare ITO electrode. Oxidation of MP has been carried out in phosphate containing electrolyte in the pH range 2.13–10.00 and a well-defined oxidation peak was noticed. Linear concentration curves are obtained over the concentration range 0.01–1.0 μM with a detection limit of 2.68 × 10⁻⁷ M at nanoAu/ITO electrode. A diffusion coefficient of 2.36 × 10⁻⁶ cm²/s is calculated for MP using chronoamperometry. The proposed method is effectively applied to detect the concentration of MP in pharmaceutical formulations and human blood plasma and urine samples. A comparison of MP concentration determined in blood plasma and urine by the proposed method and GC/MS indicated that the results are essentially similar. It is believed that the method will be useful in determining this drug in case of doping.     

Formation of a nickel hydroxide monolayer on Au through a self-assembled monolayer of 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid): voltammetric,SERS and XPS investigations of the modified electrodes

The formation of self-assembled monolayers (SAM) of 5,5′-dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid), DNBA on gold has enabled further derivatization of the electrode surface with functional moieties anchored to the surface bound molecules. A SAM of DNBA was formed on the Au surface. Nickel ions tethered to the SAM-covered Au surface, were subsequently derivatized electrochemically to yield nickel hydroxide overlayers, thereby showing the possibility of preparing ultra-thin films of metal oxides through solution chemistry. The nickel hydroxide surface coverage obtained on bare and SAM-covered electrodes was estimated from voltammetric peaks and it varied from one monolayer to about 300 monolayers. The formation of a monolayer of nickel hydroxide has been achieved for the first time by electrochemical modification. Further, the modified electrodes were subjected to SERS and XPS studies to understand their surface characteristics. Modified electrodes provide a catalytic pathway involving nickel hydroxide for the electro-oxidation of glucose in alkaline solutions.     

Use of a zeolite-modified electrode for the study of the methylviologen–sodium ion-exchange in zeolite Y

The electrochemical response of zeolite-modified carbon paste electrodes (ZMCPEs) has been exploited to plot the normalised ion-exchange isotherm of methylviologen and sodium in zeolite Y. Results observed from the proposed methodology agree well with those obtained using the conventional procedure. Selectivity was very high for the large organic divalent cation over sodium species, but the degree of exchange of methylviologen did not exceed 64%. Electrochemistry of ZMCPEs allows the in situ quantitative determination of methylviologen in the zeolite phase, without significant modification in the solution-phase concentrations, so that the ion-exchange isotherm can be plotted very rapidly and without any other chemical analysis.     

Quantitation of olanzapine in tablets by HPLC, CZE, derivative spectrometry and linear voltammetry

Four analytical methods have been developed for the quality control of pharmaceutical formulations containing the novel antipsychotic drug, olanzapine: high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), derivative spectrometry and linear voltammetry. All methods require only a simple extraction procedure of olanzapine from the tablets before analysis. HPLC with ultraviolet detection at 260 nm is carried out with a C8 column and a mobile phase constituted of acetonitrile and aqueous tetramethylammonium perchlorate. CZE is performed in an uncoated capillary with phosphate buffer, pH 3.0, as the background electrolyte, with UV detection at 214 nm. Spectrophotometry uses the derivative of the spectrum at 298 nm. In linear voltammetric method (LSV) the current intensity of the oxidation wave at +495 mV is measured. All methods gave similar results in terms of precision and accuracy. For HPLC and CZE, repeatability and intermediate precision, expressed by the RSD was better than 1.8%. The accuracy, resulting from recovery experiments, was between 99.9 and 101.1%. Spectrometry and voltammetry gave slightly higher RSD values (up to 2.9%) and a larger variation of the accuracy (the recovery was between 97.8 and 102.6%). However, the requirements for quantitative analysis are fulfilled for all methods.