河南省中小学教师职业倦怠的现状及成因分析

目的:探讨河南省中小学教师职业倦怠现状、成因及对策。方法:采用教师职业倦怠量表、社会支持评定量表、总体幸福感量表和教师职业压力源问卷,于2013年采用分层随机整群的抽样方法,对560名中小学教师进行调查。结果:男性教师情感衰竭和去人格化程度高于女性(t=2.132和2.293,P<0.05);不同年龄段的教师情感衰竭和去人格化得分差异有统计学意义(F=15.722和5.573,P<0.05);不同教龄教师在情感衰竭和去人格化得分上差异有统计学意义(F=11.048和3.930,P<0.05);不同职称的教师在情感衰竭的得分上差异有统计学意义(F=11.751,P<0.001);中学老师的情感衰竭和去人格化得分高于小学教师(t=6.333和3.220,P<0.05);城市(县市)地区教师的情感衰竭和去人格化得分高于农村地区(t=5.124和2.315,P<0.05)。社会支持3个因子与去人格化呈负相关,与成就感低落呈正相关(P<0.05);除松弛与紧张因子外,总体幸福感的其他5个因子与情感衰竭、去人格化呈负相关,与成就感低落呈正相关(P<0.05);职业压力的6个因子与情感衰竭和去人格化呈正相关(P<0.05)。结论:中小学教师的社会支持度、总体幸福感和职业压力对中小学教师职业倦怠产生影响。     

An investigation of the effect of the lower extremity sensation on gait in children with cerebral palsy

BackgroundSensory disorders frequently accompany the motor disorders in children with cerebral palsy (CP).Research questionDo children with CP have sensory disturbances in their lower extremities? If there are sensory impairments, do these impairments affect gait?MethodsIn total, 45 children (18 females, 27 males) in an age range between 5 and 18 years were included in the study: 15 typically developing children, 15 unilaterally affected children with cerebral palsy, and 15 bilaterally affected children with cerebral palsy. They could walk independently at the levels of I or II according to the gross motor function classification. After the demographic data of the children were recorded, their tactile sense, vibration sense, two-point discrimination, and proprioception were evaluated, and the Edinburgh Visual Gait Score (EVGS) was used for gait assessment.ResultsFailures were discovered in lower extremity tactile (p = 0.001), two-point discrimination (p = 0.001), and proprioceptive senses of the children with CP (p = 0.001), and the loss of tactile sense was found to be related to gait disorders (p = 0.02, r = 0.41).SignificanceThere were deficiencies in the lower extremity senses, and deficiencies in the tactile sense negatively affected gait. Performing sensory assessments, which are considered to be fundamental for gait training in the rehabilitation of children with CP, and providing support for the lacking parameters in the intervention programs may create positive effects on gait.     

An understanding of negative reflective functioning,the image and the art psychotherapeutic group

Abstract

This paper will look at a client diagnosed with schizophrenia functioning at a negative reflective functioning (RF) level. Schaverien depicts a model of successive stages in the life of the picture. For some clients whose inner worlds are very fragmented the stage of ‘familiarisation’, the ‘immanent articulation’ may be the limits of their therapy. I propose that with the help of the group and its reflective functioning process, a client working at a negative reflective functioning level can be assisted in moving past the stage of ‘familiarisation’. I will consider how the art psychotherapy group may work as a way of exploring the mind. Furthermore, I suggest that such a client who has moved past the stage of ‘familiarisation’ can further progress into subsequent stages. I will present clinical vignettes of three art psychotherapy group sessions to illustrate this process. These groups will cover the first session, the fourth session and the thirty-second art psychotherapy session.     

The detection of sensitivity of proprioception by a new clinical test: The dual joint position test

Objectives

To date, very few studies have paid attention to the joint sense (proprioception) of toes other than the big toe. We evaluated the sensitivity of joint position sense at the joint of the great toe in comparison to other digits, and with that determined by the dual digit stimulation test, in a sample of healthy normal controls and patients with clinical diagnosis of the lemniscal system dysfunction.

Material and methods

Seventy-two patients with lemniscal system dysfunction (55 clinically definitive multiple sclerosis, 17 vasculitis) and 110 healthy volunteers participated in the study. All subjects underwent the joint position sense test of all digits of upper and lower extremities. The position sense resulting from the combined operation of the joints of the second and the fourth digits (simultaneous two digits position sense) was also measured and subsequently compared with the results of the great toe position sense.

Results

Upper extremities: no difference was found in recognition of the position sense in the single digits of the upper extremities between patients and healthy volunteers. There was a significant difference in the dual joint position test of the right upper extremity between patients and the case group (p < 0.05) but not in the left upper extremity. Lower extremities: there was no significant difference in proprioception of the great toe neither in the right and nor in the left side between patients and normal subjects. However, the joint position sense of other single digits was deteriorated in the patients, a difference that was significant compared to normal controls (p < 0.05). Additionally, patients and normal controls displayed a difference in dual digit position sense of the right and left lower extremities (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

We show in this paper that the proprioception of simultaneous dual digits is diminished in patients when compared to a single digit position sense. Moreover, the great toe proprioception is less sensitive than other digits. Taken together, these observations lend evidence for a new clinical method which we named as dual joint position test. We suggest this novel method offers clinical utility to demonstrate lemniscal system dysfunction.     

Changes in frontal-parietal activation and math skills performance following adaptive number sense training: Preliminary results from a pilot study

Number sense is believed to be critical for math development. It is putatively an implicitly learned skill and may therefore have limitations in terms of being explicitly trained, particularly in individuals with altered neurodevelopment. A case series study was conducted using an adaptive, computerised programme that focused on number sense and general problem-solving skills. The study was designed to investigate training effects on performance as well as brain function in a group of children with Turner syndrome who are at risk for math difficulties and altered development of math-related brain networks. Standardised measurements of math and math-related cognitive skills as well as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) were used to assess behavioural and neurobiological outcomes following training. Participants demonstrated significantly increased basic math skills, including number sense, and calculation as well as processing speed, cognitive flexibility and visual-spatial processing skills. With the exception of calculation, increased scores also were clinically significant (i.e., recovered) based on reliable change analysis. Participants additionally demonstrated significantly increased bilateral parietal lobe activation and decreased frontal-striatal and mesial temporal activation following the training programme. These findings show proof of concept for an accessible training approach that may be potentially associated with improved number sense, math and related skills, as well as functional changes in math-related neural systems, even among individuals at risk for altered brain development.     

Perception of limb orientation in the vertical plane depends on center of mass rather than inertial eigenvectors

We performed two experiments to test the hypothesis that the perception of limb orientation depends on inertial eigenvectors (e _i ) against the alternative hypothesis that it depends on the center of mass vector (CM). Whereas e _i constrains the dynamic torques involved in angular rotation, CM constrains the static torque necessary to keep the limb aloft in the gravitational field. Hence, possible effects of e _i and CM on kinesthetic judgments must be related to the dynamic and static torques, respectively, involved in moving and positioning a limb. In the first experiment, blindfolded participants matched, with upper arms supported, the orientation of their forearms while the forearms’ e _i and CM were manipulated relative to the elbow. The manipulation of the vector CM alone induced a matching bias, as did the combined manipulation of e _i and CM, whereas the manipulation of e _i alone did not. In the second experiment, participants positioned their unseen and unsupported right arm at an indicated spatial configuration while e _i and CM of the right forearm were manipulated as in Experiment 1. As in the first experiment, forearm positioning was affected by the independent manipulation of CM and the combined manipulation of e _i and CM, but not by the independent variation of e _i . Moreover, none of the manipulations affected upper arm positioning. These results refute the claim that the perception of limb orientation (in the vertical plane) is based on e _i and demonstrate, for the first time, the implication of a limb segment’s CM in the perception of its orientation. This research was supported in part by The Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) Grant 402-01-040.     

100名养老院老人情感陪护的干预观察

目的：观察情感陪护对养老院老人孤独感的干预效果。方法：100名老人一对一情感陪护,前后自身对照,孤独量表评价。结果：半年的情感陪护,老人的孤独感明显下降（P＜0.05）,重度孤独感的老人数明显减少;有配偶的老人与孤寡老人的孤独感陪护前后同期比较无明显差异（P＞0.05）,但两组的孤独程度均较陪护前有明显改善（P＜0.05）;非文盲组较文盲组改善较好（P＜0.05）。结论：专业护理团队的情感陪护能较好地改善养老院老人的孤独感,消除心理问题,提高老人的生活质量。