Mechanism of adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cAMP)-induced increase in Ca2+ uptake by the sarcoplasmic reticulum in functionally skinned myocardial fibers

The increased rate of Ca²⁺ uptake and ATPase activity in isolated cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) by adenosine 3,5-monophosphate (cAMP) has been shown to be activated by a cAMP-dependent protein kinase (cAMP kinase). Functionally skinned myocardial fiber preparations were used to study the mechanisms of cAMP action on the SR at the same time that tension was monitored. cAMP effects were studied on Ca²⁺-activated tension of the contractile proteins, and on Ca²⁺ uptake and release from the SR using caffeine-induced tension transients. Neither cyclic AMP (0.1–5 M) nor the catalytic subunit of cAMP kinase (0.1–1 M) (PK-C) significantly changed either the maximal or the submaximal Ca²⁺-activated tension. The areas of the tension transients were unchanged when cAMP was present in the releasing solution (release phase), and were significantly increased up to a mean of about 80% when cAMP or PK-C was present in the Ca²⁺ loading solutions (uptake phase). The increased tension transient was blocked by the heat-stable inhibitor of cAMP kinase. We conclude that cAMP-induced increases in Ca²⁺ uptake by the SR could play an important role in the positive inotropic effect. cAMP kinase could thus play a crucial role in the regulation of myocardial contractility.     

The kinase haspin is required for mitotic histone H3 Thr 3 phosphorylation and normal metaphase chromosome alignment

Post-translational modifications of conserved N-terminal tail residues in histones regulate many aspects of chromosome activity. Thr 3 of histone H3 is highly conserved, but the significance of its phosphorylation is unclear, and the identity of the corresponding kinase unknown. Immunostaining with phospho-specific antibodies in mammalian cells reveals mitotic phosphorylation of H3 Thr 3 in prophase and its dephosphorylation during anaphase. Furthermore we find that haspin, a member of a distinctive group of protein kinases present in diverse eukaryotes, phosphorylates H3 at Thr 3 in vitro. Importantly, depletion of haspin by RNA interference reveals that this kinase is required for H3 Thr 3 phosphorylation in mitotic cells. In addition to its chromosomal association, haspin is found at the centrosomes and spindle during mitosis. Haspin RNA interference causes misalignment of metaphase chromosomes, and overexpression delays progression through early mitosis. This work reveals a new kinase involved in composing the histone code and adds haspin to the select group of kinases that integrate regulation of chromosome and spindle function during mitosis and meiosis.     

SH2A 基因对细胞信号转导的影响及其亚细胞定位

目的 研究Src同源域2(src homology 2，SH2)A基因在细胞信号转导中的作用并进行亚细胞定位。方法 通过RT—PCR方法扩增SH2A cDNA编码序列，构建真核重组表达载体pcDNA3．1-SH2A，利用脂质体转染肝癌Bel7402细胞、COS7细胞，检测蛋白酶C(protein kinaseC，PKC)、酪氨酸蛋白激酶(tyrosine protein kinase，TPK)、丝裂原激活蛋白激酶(mitogen activated protein kinase，MAPK)活性的改变；另构建pEGEP—SH2A，转染同前，荧光显微镜观察荧光定位。结果 测序结果显示真核重组表达载体pcDNA3．1-SH2A及pEGFP—SH2A中均含有SH2AcDNA编码序列；肝癌Bel7402细胞、COS7细胞转染pcDNA3．1-SH2A后，胞浆PKC的活性下降了40％左右，MAPK和TPK活性未见明显改变。荧光显微镜观察发现SH2A基因在细胞质中表达。结论 SH2A基因编码蛋白在PKC信号转导通路中起抑制作用；SH2A基因编码蛋白定位于细胞质。     

STAT3 couples with 14-3-3σ to regulate BCR signaling,B-cell differentiation,and IgE production

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Renal Na+, K+-ATPase in Dahl salt-sensitive rats: K+ dependence,effect of cell environment and protein kinases

Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase in renal epithelial cells plays an important role in the regulation of Na⁺ balance, extracellular volume and blood pressure. The function of renal Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase in Dahl salt-sensitive (DS) rats, an animal model for salt-sensitive hypertension, and Dahl salt-resistant (DR) rats has been studied. In Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase partially purified from renal cortex, affinities and the Hill coefficients for Na⁺ and K⁺ activation were similar in DS and DR rats. Only one component of low ouabain affinity site was found in both strains, indicating the presence of the al isoform. Protein kinase C and cAMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylated Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase α subunit in DS and DR rats, and the phosphorylation by protein kinase C was associated with an inhibition of enzyme activity. The kinetic parameters for K⁺ activation were also studied in a preparation of basolateral membranes and were found to be similar in DS and DR rats. In a preparation of cortical tubule cells, Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity was determined as ouabain-sensitive oxygen consumption (OS Qo₂). Maximal OS Qo₂, measured in Na⁺ loaded cells, was the same in DS and DR rats. The K₀₆ for K⁺ was significantly lower in DS than DR rats (0.163 ±0.042 vs. 0.447 + 0.061 mM, P < 0.05), indicating that factors regulating Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity in intact cells are altered in DS rats. Kinetic parameters for Na⁺ activation in cells were the same in both strains. In summary, the function of renal Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase molecule is not altered in DS rats. The intracellular systems that regulate renal Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity might be different in DS and DR rats.     

失血性休克对大鼠血管平滑肌BKCa通道酪氨酸磷酸化水平的影响

目的:探讨失血性休克对大鼠肠系膜上动脉血管平滑肌BK_Ca通道酪氨酸磷酸化的影响以及NO对BK_Ca通道酪氨酸磷酸化的调控。方法:建立大鼠失血性休克模型[(35±5)mmHg]并提取肠系膜上动脉总裂解蛋白,采用免疫沉淀及免疫印迹技术,观察休克血管平滑肌BK_Ca通道酪氨酸磷酸化的变化情况;采用原代培养的大鼠肠系膜上动脉血管平滑肌细胞,观察NO对BK_Ca通道酪氨酸磷酸化的调控及其时-效、量-效关系。结果:失血性休克2 h及4 h后大鼠肠系膜上动脉血管平滑肌BK_Ca通道α亚基酪氨酸磷酸化明显增强 (P＜0.01 );L-精氨酸(5×10^-5-5×10^-4 mol/L)孵育30 min即可诱导培养血管平滑肌细胞BK_Ca通道α亚基酪氨酸磷酸化增强,2 h内无明显下降;且L-精氨酸诱导BK_Ca通道α亚基酪氨酸磷酸化具有剂量依赖性。结论:重症失血性休克可增强血管平滑肌BK_Ca 通道酪氨酸磷酸化,且NO参与了该调控过程。     

Inhibitory effect of ketamine on phosphorylation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 following brain ischemia and reperfusion in rats with hyperglycemia

To determine if the inhibitory effects of ketamine on the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 are involved in reduction of the hyperglycemia-exaggerated cerebral ischemic lesion, rats with normoglycemia, hyperglycemia, or hyperglycemia supplemented with ketamine were subjected to 15 min of forebrain ischemia, and then, reperfusion for 0.5, 1, and 3h. Phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in the brain tissues was assessed by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. In rats with normoglycemia, we demonstrated a moderate increase of the ERK1/2 phosphorylation in the cingulum cortex and hippocampus CA3 following an ischemic intervention. It quickly dropped to control levels after reperfusion for 0.5h. In rats with hyperglycemia, however, the increase of the ERK1/2 phosphorylation in these areas was significantly higher in all animals reperfused. The neuronal death, detected by the TdT-mediated-dUTP nick end labeling assays, was found in the cingulum cortex (5.23+/-2.34, per high power feild) and hippocampus CA3 areas (6.29+/-3.68, per 1mm(2)) in hyperglycemic group after reperfusion for 3h. With ketamine treatment, the ERK1/2 phosphorylation in cingulum cortex and hippocampus CA1 and CA3 areas was found to be the same as that in normoglycemia rats. Our results suggest that hyperglycemia may increase the ischemic insult through modulation of the signal transduction pathways involving ERK1/2. The inhibitory effects of ketamine on the hyperglycemia-activated ERK1/2 phosphorylation are probably through inhibition of the N-methyl d-aspartate-mediated calcium influx, which subsequently reduce the hyperglycemia-exaggerated cerebral damage.     

Involvement of protein kinase c in responses of rat dorsal horn neurons to mechanical stimuli and periaqueductal gray descending inhibition

 The effects of a protein kinase C (PKC) activator, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), on the activity and periaqueductal gray (PAG)-induced inhibition of rat dorsal horn neurons of the lumbar spinal cord were tested. A microdialysis fiber was placed through the dorsal horn for the purpose of local application of pharmacological agents. Extracellular single-unit recordings from dorsal horn neurons were made near the microdialysis fiber. TPA was tested on nociceptive dorsal horn cells. There was a significant increase in the background activity and responses to ”brush”, with no changes in responses to pressure and pinch stimuli. TPA also significantly blocked the PAG-induced inhibition of responses to brush, press, and pinch. These effects were eliminated by coadministration of the PKC inhibitor NPC-15437. The solvent, which contained dimethyl sulfoxide, was also tested for its effect on the responses to peripheral mechanical stimuli and PAG-induced inhibition of the dorsal horn neurons. There were no significant changes. This experiment suggests that activation of the PKC second messenger system might increase the activity of dorsal horn neurons and their responses to peripheral stimuli; in addition, the phorbol ester attenuated the PAG-induced descending inhibition of the dorsal horn neuron activity. Received: 15 May 1996 / Accepted: 14 November 1996     

CD40-mediated lymphotoxin α expression in human B cells is tyrosine kinase dependent

The cytokine lymphotoxin (LT)α is known to play a role in B cell activation. As the engagement of the B cell antigen CD40 is known to lead to B cell proliferation and differentiation, we studied LTα expression in human B cells after CD40 ligation. We demonstrate that anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody (mAb) induces strong LTα mRNA and surface expression in human tonsil B cells. Induction of LTα mRNA and surface expression by CD40 ligation is inhibited by the protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) inhibitors herbimycin and genistein in a dose-dependent manner. The protein kinase C (PKC)-specific inhibitors sphingosine and bisindolylmaleimide caused negligible inhibition of anti-CD40-induced LTα mRNA and surface expression. No inhibition is observed with the protein kinase (PKA) inhibitors H89 and HA1004. Cross-linking of the transmembrane phosphatase CD45 to CD40 by using goat-anti-mouse F(ab')₂ fragments strongly inhibits CD40-mediated LTα expression in human B cells, confirming the role of PTK activation in CD40-mediated induction of LTα expression. Inhibitors of the serine/threonine protein phosphatases PP1 and PP2A, okadaic acid and calyculin induce LTα mRNA expression. In contrast, cyclosporin A, an inhibitor of the serine/threonine phosphatase calcineurin has no effect on anti-CD40-induced LTα expression. These results suggest that induction of LTα expression in B cells following engagement of CD40 involves activation of protein tyrosine kinases.