Palytoxin toxicology: Animal studies

Palytoxin and its derivatives have been implicated in toxic events in humans following ingestion or inhalation, and many studies on the toxicities of these substances to animals, via various routes of administration, have been described. In this report, the toxicity of palytoxin to animals has been reviewed, with comments on possible mechanisms of action. Information required for the risk assessment of palytoxin and its derivatives is by no means complete, and recommendations for further studies, which may better inform regulatory decisions regarding these substances, are also discussed.     

Correlation study of toxicity of substituted phenols to river bacteria and their biodegradability in river water

INTRODUCTION It is important to evaluate the biodegradation of organic chemicals in understanding the transforma- tion, fate and risk of chemicals in the environment. However, gathering this information is labor intensive, time consuming, and expensive due to the large number of these chemicals. Relevant studies have shown that the biodegradability of organic compounds could be estimated effectively and rapidly using the quantitative structure-biodegrada- bility relationship (QSBR) model…     

PLF双周疗法治疗晚期鼻咽癌的毒性反应临床研究

目的观察DDP合并2周大剂量CF/5-FU48h连续输注(PLF双周疗法)治疗鼻咽癌的不良反应。方法1999年1月至2003年12月,我科应用DDP合并2周大剂量CF/5-FU48h连续输注的治疗中晚期鼻咽癌106例,对其疗效及毒副反应进行观察、分析,所有病人均至少接受2个疗程的治疗。结果有效率(CR+PR)75.0%(57/76),外周静脉炎279例占80.4%,白细胞减少263例占75.8%,恶心呕吐247例占71.2%,黏膜炎38例占10.9%,腹泻16例占4.6%,但大多为度～度。结论PLF双周疗法治疗晚期鼻咽癌是有效的,为了顺利完成化疗,要做好外周静脉炎和胃肠道反应的护理。     

Toxicity Profile of Temozolomide in the Treatment of 300 Malignant Glioma Patients in Korea

This study evaluated the toxicity profiles of temozolomide in the treatment of malignant glioma as either concurrent or adjuvant chemotherapy. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 300 malignant glioma patients treated with temozolomide in two medical institutions in Korea between 2004 and 2010. Two hundred nine patients experienced a total of 618 toxicities during temozolomide therapy. A total of 84.8% of the 618 toxicities were Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) grade 1 or 2, while 15.2% were grade 3 or 4. Among the hematologic toxicities, thrombocytopenia (13.7%), anemia (11.0%), and AST/ALT increases (7.0%) were common. Among the non-hematologic toxicities, nausea (44.3%), vomiting (37.0%), and anorexia (14.3%) were the three most common toxicities. There was no mortality due to temozolomide. Although temozolomide showed many types of toxicities, the majority of the toxicities were tolerable and of lower grade. Gastrointestinal troubles are the most common toxicities in Korean patients treated with temozolomide.

Graphical Abstract

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Cytotoxicity and therapeutic effect of irinotecan combined with selenium nanoparticles

Although chemotherapeutic drugs are widely applied for clinic tumor treatment, severe toxicity restricts their therapeutic efficacy. In this study, we reported a new form of selenium, selenium nanoparticles (Nano Se) which have significant lower toxicity and acceptable bioavailability. We investigated Nano Se as chemotherapy preventive agent to protect against toxicities of anticancer drug irinotecan and synergistically enhance the anti-tumor treatment effect in vitro and in vivo. The underlying mechanisms were also investigated. The combination of Nano Se and irinotecan showed increased cytotoxic effect with HCT-8 tumor cells likely by p53 mediated apoptosis. Nano Se inhibited growth of HCT-8 tumor cells partially through caspases mediated apoptosis. In vivo experiment showed Nano Se at a dose of 4 mg/kg/day significantly alleviated adverse effects induced by irinotecan (60 mg/kg) treatment. Nano Se alone treatment did not induce any toxic manifestations. The combination of Nano Se and irinotecan dramatically inhibited tumor growth and significantly induced apoptosis of tumor cells in HCT-8 cells xenografted tumor. Tumor inhibition rate was about 17.2%, 48.6% and 62.1% for Nano Se, irinotecan and the combination of Nano Se and irinotecan, respectively. The beneficial effects of Nano Se for tumor therapy were mainly ascribed to selectively regulating Nrf2-ARE (antioxidant responsive elements) pathway in tumor tissues and normal tissues. Our results suggest Nano Se is a promising selenium species with potential application in cancer treatment.     

Patterns and Predictors of Amelioration of Genitourinary Toxicity After High-dose Intensity-modulated Radiation Therapy for Localized Prostate Cancer: Implications for Defining Postradiotherapy Urinary Toxicity

Background

Treatment-related toxicity and quality of life (QoL) considerations are important when counseling patients with localized prostate cancer (PCa).

Objective

To determine the incidence and longitudinal pattern of late genitourinary (GU) toxicity and QoL after high-dose, intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT).

Design, setting, and participants

A total of 268 patients with localized PCa were treated between June 2004 and December 2008 at a tertiary referral center. Median follow-up was 5 yr (range: 3–7.7 yr).

Intervention

Patients underwent IMRT to a total dose of 86.4 Gy; 50% of patients underwent neoadjuvant and concurrent androgen-deprivation therapy.

Outcome measurements and statistical analysis

Patients were evaluated with the prospectively obtained International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) questionnaire. GU toxicity was also scored using the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) v.4.0; toxicity events were defined as increase over baseline. Differences in increases in IPSS sums and QoL index between baseline IPSS sum and QoL index groups were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression models were applied.

Results and limitations

The overall median IPSS sum increase during follow-up was 3 and was less pronounced among patients with severe baseline symptoms compared with those with mild baseline symptoms (median increase: 0 vs 4; p < 0.0001). Overall QoL index was unchanged after IMRT but appeared to improve in patients with dissatisfied baseline QoL compared with satisfied baseline QoL (p < 0.0001). Fifty-five (20%) and 2 (1%) patients developed grade 2 and 3 late GU toxicities, respectively; however, in 28 of 57 patients (49%), toxicity resolved during follow-up. Even though the IPSS data were prospectively obtained, most patients were not treated within a prospective protocol.

Conclusions

Late GU toxicity after high-dose IMRT was mild; severe, late GU toxicity was rare. Changes in IPSS sum and QoL index were dependent on the baseline GU function, which might be useful for future patient counseling.     

Repeated exposure to moxa-burning smoke: its acute and chronic toxicities in rats

OBJECTIVE

To assess toxicities of the air in Chinese medicine clinics polluted by moxa-burning smoke due to moxibustion-derived burning products (MBP).

藏药熏倒牛的研究现状与进展

熏倒牛为牻牛儿苗科熏倒牛属植物,是一种传统藏药,其主要分布在我国甘肃、青海、宁夏六盘山西坡、四川西北部（诺尔盖）等地区。近年来对熏倒牛活性成分的研究证明其具有抑菌、抗炎镇痛、镇静解痉、抗氧化、降血糖降血压等作用。本文对熏倒牛的研究进行分析和总结,从化学成分、药理作用、毒理学、质量标准等方面进行了综述,为其后续的进一步开发提供科学依据。