Emotion and psychopathy: startling new insights

Abnormal affective response in psychopaths is conceptualized within a broad theory of emotion that emphasizes reciprocal appetitive and defensive motivational systems. The startle response is proposed as a specific measure of the directional component of emotional activation. I review the literature that indicates that criminal psychopaths do not show the expected potentiation of the startle reflex that normally occurs during processing of aversive stimuli such as unpleasant photographs or punishment cues. Evidence is presented to demonstrate that this deviant response pattern is specific to individuals who display the classic affective symptoms of psychopathy. The core emotional deviation in psychopathy could be a deficit in fear response, which is defined as a failure of aversive cues to prime normal defensive actions. This emotional deficit may represent an extreme variant of normal temperament.     

大学生电脑游戏成瘾量表的编制和信效度检验

目的:编制适合大学生使用的电脑游戏成瘾量表(CGAI),并检验其信效度。方法:对477份来自北京市8所大学大学生的CGAI测试结果进行探索性因素分析,对405份来自北京市5所大学大学生的CGAI测试结果进行验证性因素分析。结果:探索性因素分析获得33个条目的CGAI问卷,分为4个因素可解释总方差的55·1%,四个维度依次为:依赖/成瘾行为表现维度、情绪唤起维度、功能损害维度、对现状羞耻或不满维度;验证性因素分析验证了4因素模型,其结果为χ2/df=2·304;IFI=0·885;CFI=0·884;NFI=0·813;RSMEA=0·057。该问卷的内部一致性信度(r=0·77~0·94)、重测信度(r=0·907,P<0·001)和效标效度(成瘾组被试CGAI四维度评分均高于正常对照组)均符合测量学的要求。结论:该量表具有良好的信度和效度,可在大学生中使用。     

脑瘫婴儿的早期临床特征及综合治疗预后分析

目的为探讨脑瘫在婴儿期的临床特征、早期发现、早期干预，以减少其后遗症的发生。方法将2005．06～2007．06在我院新生儿科住院的新生儿，NBNA评定总分≤35分者，分为干预组及对照组，干预组进行早期干预，观察两组高危因素、0—3个月出现早期症状、体征及后遗症方面有无明显差异，并随机收集无高危因素组为健康组，观察三组运动发育、姿势反射建立时间的差别。结果高危因素发生情况、0-3个月出现早期症状、体征方面，干预组与对照组无显著性差异，后遗症方面干预组1岁时无一例发生脑瘫，对照组1岁时有3例诊断为脑瘫，癫痫1例，脑积水1例，白内障1例，双侧神经性耳聋1例。结论早期干预，可降低脑瘫发生率，减轻脑瘫程度。对高危儿进行早期干预开始时间越早越好。     

儿少心理问题筛查表的编制和信效度分析

目的：编制一个用于儿童和青少年的心理问题筛查表，检验其信度和效度。方法：用新编的心理问题筛查表测查全国12个省（市）9278名儿童或他们的父母和143名临床样本，间隔5周的重测样本87人，父母和儿童报告一致性检验样本56人，效标效度样本65人。用相关分析和因素分析考查量表的信度和效度。结果：新编筛查表具有较好的信度（重测信度为0．761、Crobacha系数为0．949、分半信度为0．868、评定者信度为0．799）；正常儿童在筛查表上的得分显著高于临床样本的得分；新编筛查表总分和分量表与儿童行为量表总分和类似分量表有显著的相关：探索性因素分析和验证性斟素分析与量表编制者的理论构想一致。结论：儿少心理健康量表具有较好的信度和效度．可以用于儿童和青少年的心理问题的筛查．     

Hybrid Approach to Estimation of Underreporting of Tuberculosis Case Notification in High-Burden Settings With Weak Surveillance Infrastructure: Design and Implementation of an Inventory Study

BackgroundThe greatest risk of infectious disease undernotification occurs in settings with limited capacity to detect it reliably. World Health Organization guidance on the measurement of misreporting is paradoxical, requiring robust, independent systems to assess surveillance rigor. Methods are needed to estimate undernotification in settings with incomplete, flawed, or weak surveillance systems. This study attempted to design a tuberculosis (TB) inventory study that balanced rigor with feasibility for high-need settings.ObjectiveThis study aims to design a hybrid TB inventory study for contexts without World Health Organization preconditions. We estimated the proportion of TB cases that were not reported to the Ministry of Health in 2015. The study sought to describe TB surveillance coverage and quality at different levels of TB care provision. Finally, we aimed to identify structural-, facility-, and provider-level barriers to notification and reasons for underreporting, nonreporting, and overreporting.MethodsRetrospective partial digitalization of paper-based surveillance and facility records preceded deterministic and probabilistic record linkage; a hybrid of health facilities and laboratory census with a stratified sampling of HFs with no capacity to notify leveraged a priori knowledge. Distinct extrapolation methods were applied to the sampled health facilities to estimate bacteriologically confirmed versus clinical TB. In-depth interviews and focus groups were used to identify causal factors responsible for undernotification and test the acceptability of remedies.ResultsThe hybrid approach proved viable and instructive. High-specificity verification of paper-based records in the field was efficient and had minimal errors. Limiting extrapolation to clinical cases improved precision. Probabilistic record linkage is computationally intensive, and the choice of software influences estimates. Record absence, decay, and overestimation of the private sector TB treatment behavior threaten validity, meriting mitigation. Data management demands were underestimated. Treatment success was modest in all sectors (R=37.9%–72.0%) and did not align with treatment success reported by the state (6665/8770, 75.99%). One-fifth of TB providers (36/178, 20%) were doubtful that the low volume of patients with TB treated in their facility merited mastery of the extensive TB notification forms and procedures.ConclusionsSubnational inventory studies can be rigorous, relevant, and efficient in countries that need them even in the absence of World Health Organization preconditions, if precautions are taken. The use of triangulation techniques, with minimal recourse to sampling and extrapolation, and the privileging of practical information needs of local decision makers yield reasonable misreporting estimates and viable policy recommendations.     

在监女犯MMPI测试对照分析

目的 研究在监女犯与正常女性心理状况的差异性及其与犯罪的关系。方法 应用MMPI测查144例在监女犯并以文化、年龄相当的社会女性159例为对照组,使用x^2、t检验对资料进行处理。结果 13个基本量表的平均量表分比较,研究组均明显大于对照组（P＜0．01）,在监女犯心理偏离占84．03％,明显高于对照组的8．18％（P＜0．01）。结论 女性犯罪可能与其有较多的心理偏离有关,为在监女犯的改造提供科学依据。     

重点高中生的心理状态与高考成绩的相关性研究

目的;了解重点高中学生的心理状态与高考成绩之间的关系。方法：以398例应届生为对象,应用16PF人格测验,气质测量工具（STI,TTI）及焦虑自评量表（SAS）,对考生进行测试分析,结果：文理科学生的16PF的人格特质有明显的差别,判别分析和多因素回归分析显示16PF人格特质中的Q1因素（实验性F＝8．76,P＜0．01）,Q2因素（独立性F＝8．23,P＜0．01）,与高考成绩呈正相关,与M因素（幻想性F＝4．88,P＜0．01）,呈负相关;气质中的神经过程灵活性（F＝8．15,P＜0．01）和时间特质中的灵活性（F＝12．36,P＜0．01）与高才成绩呈正相关。结论：高考生的实验性,独立性高分及幻想性低分的个性特质和气质上的灵活性有助于高考成绩的发挥,学生文理科分班宜参考学生人格特质这一特点,。     

儿童注意缺陷多动障碍个性及智力特征探讨

目的 :了解注意缺陷多动障碍 (ADHD)儿童的个性及智力特点。方法 :采用艾森克个性问卷 (EPQ)和韦氏儿童智力量表 (WISC R)对 40例ADHD患儿进行测试。结果 :ADHD组EPQ测验中神经质和精神质量表T分高于正常对照组 ,掩饰性量表T分低于正常对照组。WISC R测验中 ,ADHD组总智商 (FIQ)在正常范围 ,但与正常对照组比较有显著性差异(P <0 .0 5 )。在言语智商 (VIQ)与操作智商 (PIQ)平衡上 ,ADHD组的算术、理解、译码分测验量表分较正常组低 ,两组比较有显著性差异。结论 :ADHD儿童情绪稳定性差 ,心理成熟能力延迟 ,同时可能存在言语理解、记忆 /不分心因子缺陷     

表现主义:林语堂文学观的核心

林语堂是一个强调主体精神的作家 ,他认为文学艺术是自我的表现 ,并从克罗齐的表现主义和晚明的性灵说中为自己寻找理论依据。林语堂创作中所要表现的“自我” ,是主体特有的精神表记 ,自始至终伴随着主体的情感活动。在艺术发现阶段 ,他突出了感悟的作用 ;在艺术构思阶段 ,他看到了情感对创作动机的激发和推动 ;在艺术表达阶段 ,他提倡行于当行之时 ,止于不得不止处 ,随意而作 ,不拘格套。林语堂站在浪漫主义立场上接受“表现主义” ,强调“自我” ,也是时代精神使然。     

社区人群生活质量研究—Ⅲ生活质量问卷（QOLI）的编制

本文为社区人群生活质量系列研究之一。在湖南省有代表性的六个地区城乡分层随机采样４８００户家庭，对自编的多维生活质量问卷进行了心理测量学的检验。结果表明，本问卷具有一定的信度、效度与敏感性，可适用于社区普通人群成人生活质量的评估工具，研究特定人群（如老人、慢性病人等）生活质量综合评定工具时，也可作为参考。