Simultaneous occurrence of subarachnoid hemorrhage and cerebral venous sinus thrombosis: A systematic review of cases

Although the leading causes of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) are aneurysm rupture and arteriovenous malformations, cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) can, in rare cases, be associated with SAH. This phenomenon is an uncommon presentation, with less than a hundred cases reported based on our review of the literature. The purpose of this review is to highlight what is known regarding these cases, how they are managed and to highlight the need for further studies that will serve as a basis for the development of a standard management guideline across board. The following databases were searched: PubMed and Ovid Embase. A complementary search of Google Scholar and AJOL was done. Gray literature search was also conducted on the Google search engine for any additional relevant papers. We were able to extract data regarding 33 cases from 29 identified studies. The mean age was 46.6 ± 14.08. 17 (51.5%) of the cases were female, and the female‐to‐male ratio is 1.1:1. Headache was by far the commonest symptom, occurring in 82% of cases followed by seizures in 42% of cases. Four patients (12%) had loss of consciousness while 5 patients (15%) had some form of focal neurologic deficit. Twenty patients had cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in at least two different sinuses. The superior sagittal sinus was the most common location for CVSTs (79%), followed by the transverse sinus (57.5%). Twenty‐nine cases (89%) were managed with anticoagulation alone and one case had a mechanical thrombectomy. We have performed a comprehensive review of cases that had the simultaneous occurrence of SAH and CVST and have identified their peculiarities and the challenges to management. Further research is needed in order to identify a causal relationship and to serve as a basis for the development of a standard management guideline across the board.     

加速康复外科理念在胰十二指肠切除术围手术期的应用

目的 观察加速康复外科(enhanced recovery after surgery,ERAS)措施在胰十二指肠切除术围手术期应用的效果,总结在ERAS指导下的围手术期多模式镇痛、营养干预、呼吸道管理、血栓预防等护理措施对患者术后康复的影响.方法 回顾性分析温州医科大学附属第一医院2019年5月到2020年7月肝胆外...     

门静脉高压症术后门静脉血栓形成的危险因素分析

目的：探讨门静脉高压症术后门静血栓形成(Portal vein thrombosis,PVT)的危险因素。方法：回顾性分析我院2006年1月至2010年12月行门体断流术的153例肝硬化门静脉高压症患者的临床资料,所有患者根据门静脉是否形成血栓分为两组,对患者年龄、性别、术前有无呕血、手术时间、术中失血量、门静脉直径、术前及术后门静脉血流速度、血小板计数、凝血酶原时间等相关因素进行单因素分析及多因素Logistic回归分析。结果：门静脉高压症患者术后PVT率为18.30%(28/153),与无血栓组比较,血栓组患者术中失血量明显多于无血栓组(P＜0.05),门静脉直径增宽明显(P＜0.05),门静脉血流速度显著下降(P＜0.05),血小板计数显著增多(P＜0.05)。多因素分析显示门静脉直径、术后门静脉血流速度是PVT的独立危险因素。结论：门静脉直径增宽和门静脉血流速度降低是门体断流术后PVT的主要原因。     

鼻内窥镜下鼻窦鼻息肉手术60例疗效观察

目的 观察鼻内窥镜下鼻窦鼻息肉手术治疗的效果.方法 对60例(107侧)慢性鼻窦炎鼻息肉患者行鼻内窥镜下手术,术后随访1年.结果 治愈39例(65.0%),好转16例(26.7%),无效5例(8.3%).总有效率91.7%.术后并发症主要为鼻腔粘连.结论 鼻内窥镜下鼻窦鼻息肉手术治疗具有良好的疗效,术中正确处理中、下鼻甲及鼻中隔,术后定期随访可提高治愈率,减少并发症.     

可溶性P-选择素对肝硬化门静脉高压术后门静脉血栓形成的影响

目的探讨可溶性P-选择素对肝硬化门静脉高压症术后门静脉血栓形成的影响。方法检测乙肝肝硬化患者在门静脉高压症围手术期血小板的数量及反映血小板功能的可溶性P-选择素水平的动态变化,比较其在有门静脉血栓形成组患者及无血栓形成组患者间的差异。结果血栓形成组患者及无血栓形成组患者间,血小板数量无显著差异,而可溶性P-选择素水平在术后第4～6天有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论乙肝肝硬化患者在行门静脉高压症手术后,血小板功能的变化对门静脉血栓形成可能起着重要的作用。     

益阳活血方对兔病窦综合征心阳虚血瘀证模型中医证候及血液流变学的影响

目的:探讨益阳活血方对病窦综合征心阳虚血瘀证的疗效。方法:60只大耳白兔随机分为正常组、模型组、阿托品组及益阳活血高、中、低剂量组,正常组不造模,余各组用醛加压注射渗透法建立兔病窦综合征心阳虚血瘀模型,连续灌胃,分别于给药前后观测各组兔体温、呼吸频率、心率、6min游泳速率等指标,并于给药后心脏取血,测定各组家兔血液流变学不同切变率下全血黏度、血浆黏度、红细胞聚集指数等指标。结果:与模型组比较,益阳活血方治疗组给药后肛温回升、呼吸频率减慢、心率增快、游泳速率增加、血液流变学全血低切黏度、血浆黏度、红细胞聚集指数较模型组降低(P<0.01,P<0.05);且高剂量组疗效优于中、低剂量组(P<0.01,P<0.05);而阿托品组除呼吸频率减慢、心率增快、游泳速率增加、红细胞聚集指数降低(P<0.01,P<0.05)外,余指标与模型组无明显差异。结论:益阳活血方能改善病窦综合征心阳虚血瘀家兔中医证候量化指标及血液流变学指标,且高剂量组疗效更优。     

血竭的活血和止血作用研究

目的：用家兔和小鼠对血竭原粉进行活血、止血作用研究。方法：采用ＡＡ、ＡＤＰ、ＰＡＦ诱导家兔血小板聚集法,胶原蛋白－肾上腺诱发小鼠体内血栓形成法,出血及凝血时间测定法。结果：血竭在家兔的体内和体外对ＡＡ诱导的血小板聚集有明显的抑制作用（Ｐ〈０．０１）;对胶原蛋白－肾小腺素诱导的小鼠体内血栓形成有明显保护作用（Ｐ〈０．０５）;能明显缩短小鼠的出血时间和凝血时间（Ｐ〈０．００１）,止血作用强于阳性对照药三七粉。结论：血竭具活血化淤和止血的作用。     

Review of enoxaparin and its clinical applications in venous and arterial thromboembolism

Venous and arterial thromboembolic disorders are common medical conditions that are associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. Unfractionated heparin (UFH) and its derivatives, the low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs), are the anticoagulants of choice when a rapid anticoagulant effect is required. LMWHs have several advantages over UFH, including a longer plasma halflife and higher bioavailability; a predictable dose response, which enables once- or twice-daily dosing; and a more convenient route of administration (subcutaneous instead of intravenous), which enables patients to self-inject in an out-patient setting. Enoxaparin is a LMWH prepared by alkaline hydrolysis of the benzylin ester of UFH. The efficacy of enoxaparin in the management of venous and arterial thromboembolism has been shown in a wide range of patient groups using doses ranging from fixed doses of 20 – 60 mg o.d. and 0.75 – 1.5 mg/kg b.i.d. Other doses, such as 80 mg/day for pregnant women with combined thrombophilic defects, have also been studied. The use of subcutaneous enoxaparin as an effective and safe home treatment for patients with acute proximal deep vein thrombosis (DVT) has been demonstrated. The benefits of preventing venous thromboembolic events with enoxaparin include reducing the costs associated with investigating the symptoms of DVT, acute treatment and hospitalisation, and potentially preventing the development of post-thrombotic syndrome, while improving quality of life and so making the treatment cost effective. In contrast to other LMWHs, enoxaparin has been shown to provide better outcomes than UFH in the treatment of unstable angina and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, without increasing major bleeding. Adverse events with enoxaparin are infrequent; the most common events are minor bleeding complications. It should be noted that different doses or indications are approved in each country.     

CT平扫在脑静脉及静脉窦早期血栓形成中的诊断价值

目的研究CT平扫在脑静脉及静脉窦血栓（CVT/CVST）中的影像表现,提高对CVT/CVSTCT平扫影像征象的认识。方法回顾性分析10例CVT/CVST患者的头颅CT平扫的影像学表现,并与患者MRI、MRV图像进行对比分析。结果头颅CT平扫可准确诊断大部分的CVT/CVST患者,其特有征象出现率较高,10例病例中,出现条索征7例,静脉性脑梗死3例,脑出血3例,脑梗死合并脑出血的1例,直接征象出现率达70%,间接征象出现率达70%,直接征象及间接征象同时出现达60%。结论 CT平扫对早期CVT/CVST是一种快速、有效、准确的检查方法。