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31.
Luciana Pelosi Dominic Ming Yin Tse Eoin Mulroy Andrew M. Chancellor Michael R. Boland 《Clinical neurophysiology》2018,129(10):2155-2161
Objective
To systematically study demographic, clinical, electrophysiological and nerve ultrasound characteristics of ulnar neuropathy with abnormal non-localizing electrophysiology (NL-UN) and further define the utility of ultrasound over and above the conventional electro-diagnostic approach.Method
NL-UNs were prospectively identified from 113 consecutive referrals with suspected ulnar neuropathy. All received electro-diagnostic tests and ulnar nerve ultrasound. NL-UN severity was graded using clinical and electrophysiological scales.Results
In 64 of 113 referrals, an ulnar mono- neuropathy was confirmed by electrophysiology. Sixteen of these 64 (25%) had NL-UN, predominantly males (14 out of 16 patients) with severe or moderate clinical and electrophysiological ratings. Ultrasound showed focal ulnar neuropathy at the elbow in 13 out of 16, and diffuse ulnar nerve abnormality in three, and identified a likely or possible causative mechanism in 11.Conclusion
A significant proportion (a quarter) of ulnar neuropathies with abnormal electrophysiology were NL-UN, of heterogeneous etiology; the majority were males with significant disability and axonal loss. Ultrasound had a significant role in localization and classification that facilitated management.Significance
To our knowledge, this is the first systematic prospective study that analyzes the demographic, clinical, electrophysiological and ultrasound characteristics of NL-UN in a routine clinical neurophysiology setting. 相似文献32.
Fisher syndrome (FS), a variant of Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS), is characterized by the clinical triad of ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, and areflexia. The lesion sites for these unique clinical features include the oculomotor nerves and group 1a neurons in the dorsal root ganglion, and the presence of FS is determined by the expression of ganglioside GQ1b in the human nervous system. Neurophysiological findings suggest that ataxia and areflexia are due to an impaired proprioceptive afferent system. Typically, the soleus H-reflex is absent and a body-sway analysis using posturography shows a 1-Hz peak, which indicates proprioception dysfunction. Sensory nerve action potentials and somatosensory-evoked potentials are abnormal in approximately 30% of FS patients, indicating the occasional involvement of cutaneous (group 2) afferents. During the disease course, approximately 15% of FS patients suffer an overlap of axonal GBS with nerve conduction abnormalities that reflect axonal dysfunction. This review summarizes electrophysiological abnormalities and their clinical significance in FS. 相似文献
33.
Ioannis Karakis Wendy Liew Heather Szelag Fournier H. Royden Jones Basil T. Darras Peter B. Kang 《Clinical neurophysiology》2017,128(5):751-755
Objective
To analyze patterns of nerve injury in pediatric ulnar neuropathy (PUN).Methods
Retrospective analysis of 49 children with PUN.Results
Sensory loss in digit V was the prevailing complaint (89%). Predominant localization was at the elbow (55%). Diminished ulnar SNAP was the most common abnormality (71%) with median axon loss estimate (MAXE) of 62%. Dorsal ulnar cutaneous (DUC) sensory nerve action potential (SNAP) was reduced in 55% with MAXE of 43%. Abductor digiti minimi (ADM) and first dorsal interosseous (FDI) compound muscle action potential (CMAP) were reduced half of the time, with MAXE of 30% and 28% respectively. There was high correlation between ulnar sensory MAXE and ADM MAXE (r = 0.76, p < 0.0001), FDI MAXE (r = 0.81, p < 0.0001) and DUC MAXE (r = 0.60, p = 0.0048). Neurogenic changes were seen in the ADM, FDI, flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU) and flexor digitorum profundus IV (FDP IV) in 79%, 77%, 25% and 35% respectively. Pathophysiology was demyelinating in 27%, axonal in 59% and mixed in 14%.Conclusions
In proximal axonal lesions, sensory fibers to digit V and motor fibers to distal muscles are predominantly affected, whereas in demyelinating lesions, slowing occurs twice as frequently as conduction block.Significance
There is frequent axonal and fascicular injury in PUN. 相似文献34.
Nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) in coding regions that can lead to amino acid changes may cause alteration of protein function and account for susceptibility to disease and altered drug/xenobiotic response. Abundant nsSNPs have been found in genes coding for human ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, but there is little known about the relationship between the genotype and phenotype of nsSNPs in these membrane proteins. In addition, it is unknown which prediction method is better suited for the prediction of non-neutral nsSNPs of ABC transporters. We have identified 2,172 validated nsSNPs in 49 human ABC transporter genes from the Ensembl genome database and the NCBI SNP database. Using six different algorithms, 41 to 52% of nsSNPs in ABC transporter genes were predicted to have functional impacts on protein function. Predictions largely agreed with the available experimental annotations. Overall, 78.5% of non-neutral nsSNPs were predicted correctly as damaging by SNAP, which together with SIFT and PolyPhen, was superior to the prediction methods Pmut, PhD-SNP, and Panther. This study also identified any amino acids that were likely to be functionally critical but have not yet been studied experimentally. There was significant concordance between the predicted results of SIFT and PolyPhen. Evolutionarily non-neutral (destabilizing) amino acid substitutions are predicted to be the basis for the pathogenic alteration of ABC transporter activity that is associated with disease susceptibility and altered drug/xenobiotic response. 相似文献
35.
In the light-adapted vertebrate retina, nitric oxide (NO) modulates synaptic transmission between photoreceptors and second-order neurons. Although NO is believed to be a mediator of adaptation, its effect on photoreceptors in situ is not known yet. Therefore, we studied rod and cone activities in rat eyes in situ, using the electroretinogram (ERG). Rod and cone ERGs were functionally isolated by intravitreal 20 mM glutamate, which suppressed the activity of all retinal cells except rods and cones for about 90 min. The addition of NO-donor, SNAP, to the glutamate solution decreased the amplitude of the rod single-flash ERG by ∼40%, compared to the amplitude of the rod ERG isolated by glutamate alone, but it increased the amplitude of the isolated, intense paired-flash cone ERG by ∼40%. An excess of the NO-scavenger, CPTIO, had no significant effect on either rod or cone ERGs. A broad-spectrum NO-synthase inhibitor, L-NAME, increased the amplitude of the rod ERG by ∼50%, but had no significant effect on the cone ERG. We suggest that NO directly modulates the light-evoked activity of rod and cone photoreceptors in situ, but in opposite ways. 相似文献
36.
Shiho Honma Kunitaka Taki Shi Lei Hitoshi Niwa Satoshi Wakisaka 《Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)》2010,293(6):1070-1080
Distribution of three soluble N‐ethylmaleimide‐sensitive fusion protein attachment protein receptor (SNARE) proteins, syntaxin‐1, synaptosomal‐associated protein of 25 kDa (SNAP‐25), and vesicle‐associated membrane protein‐2 (VAMP‐2), was examined in dental pulp and periodontal ligament of the rat incisor. In the trigeminal ganglion, syntaxin‐1 and SNAP‐25 immunoreactivity was predominately detected in medium‐ to large‐sized neurons. Most syntaxin‐1 immunoreactive neurons expressed SNAP‐25. In contrast, VAMP‐2 was localized in small‐ to medium‐sized neurons and in slender‐shaped cells surrounding SNAP‐25‐immunopositive neurons. When the inferior alveolar nerve, one of the mandibular nerve branches innervating the dental pulp and periodontal ligament, was ligated, SNARE proteins accumulated at the site proximal to the ligation. In the incisor dental pulp, all nerve fibers displayed immunoreactivity for syntaxin‐1, SNAP‐25, and VAMP‐2. In the periodontal ligament of the incisor, almost all nerve fibers displayed both syntaxin‐1 and SNAP‐25 immunoreactivity, but lacked VAMP‐2 immunoreactivity. SNAP‐25 protein expression was localized around the vesicle membranes at the axon terminal of the periodontal mechanoreceptors. These present data suggest that these three SNARE proteins are synthesized at the trigeminal ganglion, transported centrally and peripherally, and expressed in sensory endings where apparent synapses are not present. Because those proteins participate in docking and exocytosis of synapse vesicles in the central nervous system, they might also contribute to vesicle exocytosis at receptive fields where apparent synapses are not present. Anat Rec, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. 相似文献
37.
Anne‐Lieke F. van Deijk Nutabi Camargo Jaap Timmerman Tim Heistek Jos F. Brouwers Floriana Mogavero Huibert D. Mansvelder August B. Smit Mark H.G. Verheijen 《Glia》2017,65(4):670-682
The brain is considered to be autonomous in lipid synthesis with astrocytes producing lipids far more efficiently than neurons. Accordingly, it is generally assumed that astrocyte‐derived lipids are taken up by neurons to support synapse formation and function. Initial confirmation of this assumption has been obtained in cell cultures, but whether astrocyte‐derived lipids support synapses in vivo is not known. Here, we address this issue and determined the role of astrocyte lipid metabolism in hippocampal synapse formation and function in vivo. Hippocampal protein expression for the sterol regulatory element‐binding protein (SREBP) and its target gene fatty acid synthase (Fasn) was found in astrocytes but not in neurons. Diminishing SREBP activity in astrocytes using mice in which the SREBP cleavage‐activating protein (SCAP) was deleted from GFAP‐expressing cells resulted in decreased cholesterol and phospholipid secretion by astrocytes. Interestingly, SCAP mutant mice showed more immature synapses, lower presynaptic protein SNAP‐25 levels as well as reduced numbers of synaptic vesicles, indicating impaired development of the presynaptic terminal. Accordingly, hippocampal short‐term and long‐term synaptic plasticity were defective in mutant mice. These findings establish a critical role for astrocyte lipid metabolism in presynaptic terminal development and function in vivo. GLIA 2017;65:670–682 相似文献
38.
Jinnan Wang Peter Börnert Huilin Zhao Daniel S. Hippe Xihai Zhao Niranjan Balu Marina S. Ferguson Thomas S. Hatsukami Jianrong Xu Chun Yuan William S. Kerwin 《Magnetic resonance in medicine》2013,69(2):337-345
A simultaneous noncontrast angiography and intraplaque hemorrhage (SNAP) MR imaging technique is proposed to detect both luminal stenosis and hemorrhage in atherosclerosis patients in a single scan. Thirteen patients with diagnosed carotid atherosclerotic plaque were admitted after informed consent. All scans were performed on a 3T MR imaging system with SNAP, 2D time‐of‐flight and magnetization‐prepared 3D rapid acquisition gradient echo sequences. The SNAP sequence utilized a phase sensitive acquisition, and was designed to provide positive signals corresponding to intraplaque hemorrhage and negative signals corresponding to lumen. SNAP images were compared to time‐of‐flight images to evaluate lumen size measurements using linear mixed models and the intraclass correlation coefficient. Intraplaque hemorrhage identification accuracy was evaluated by comparing to magnetization‐prepared 3D rapid acquisition gradient echo images using Cohen's Kappa. Diagnostic quality SNAP images were generated from all subjects. Quantitatively, the lumen size measurements by SNAP were strongly correlated (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.96, P < 0.001) with those measured by time‐of‐flight. For intraplaque hemorrhage detection, strong agreement (κ = 0.82, P < 0.001) was also identified between SNAP and magnetization‐prepared 3D rapid acquisition gradient echo images. In conclusion, a SNAP imaging technique was proposed and shows great promise for imaging both lumen size and carotid intraplaque hemorrhage with a single scan. Magn Reson Med, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
39.
Emily Simonoff Catherine R. G. Jones Gillian Baird Andrew Pickles Francesca Happé Tony Charman 《Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines》2013,54(2):186-194
Background: Psychiatric problems are common in autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), but the reasons are poorly understood. We use a longitudinal population‐representative cohort to examine for the first time the persistence of psychiatric problems and to identify risk factors for their occurrence and stability. Methods: Eighty‐one 16‐year olds (75 male, six female), initially seen at 12 years, were re‐assessed using the parent‐report Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Child, family and contextual characteristics from age 12 were tested as risk factors for psychopathology. Results: Prevalence rates varied depending on whether general population or ASD‐specific SDQ cut‐offs were used. While the former suggested a decrease in psychiatric problems over time, the ASD‐specific cut‐offs showed no significant differences. With the exception of ADHD, the ASD‐specific cut‐offs identified a smaller proportion of individuals as ‘affected’ than did the general population cut‐offs. There was longitudinal domain specificity, with parent correlations ranging from 0.50 to 0.58 and teacher SDQ reports at age 12 correlating 0.33–0.53 with parent reports at 16 years. In examining the role of risk factors, lower IQ and adaptive functioning predicted higher hyperactivity and total difficulties scores. Greater emotional problems at 16 were predicted by poorer maternal mental health, family‐based deprivation and lower social class. Improvement from 12 to 16 years in conduct problems was predicted by greater neighbourhood deprivation and special school attendance. Conclusions: This is the first longitudinal study of other psychiatric symptoms in ASD. Additional psychiatric problems in ASD are persistent and domain‐specific from childhood to adolescence. The finding that age‐related reduction in SDQ symptoms does not apply when ASD‐specific cut‐offs are used requires further evaluation using diagnostic measures. Only a few of the expected risk factor‐psychopathology predictions expected from general population studies were found, raising the possibility that the causes of psychopathology in ASD differ from those in the general population. 相似文献
40.