Familial and socioeconomic influences on children''s well-being: An examination of preschool children in Kenya

As patterns of family formation change, it is important to know how children's lives are affected by their parents' marital and socioeconomic circumstances. Using data from the 1993 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey, this study shows that children of never married and formerly married mothers have significantly higher probabilities of polio dropout and acute undernutrition than those of monogamously married mothers. The number of male household members of working age greatly enhances the chances of full immunization and the nutritional status of children whose mothers were previously married. For children of never married mothers, the benefits of residing with males of working age are largely a function of ethnicity. The results also show that, although children are not disadvantaged nutritionally when their fathers have more than one wife, polygyny is associated with a higher probability of polio dropout and lower probability of full immunization than monogamy. Higher socioeconomic status is associated with a greater probability of full immunization and a lower probability of malnutrition but socioeconomic factors do not explain the effects of mothers' marital status. The findings underscore the complex realities of family interaction and the importance of the broader social context in accounting for variations in child welfare across diverse marital situations.     

Controlling for occasion-specific effects when assessing the test–retest reliability of self-report health questionnaires

OBJECTIVE: This study proposes a method for self-report health questionnaires to adjust test-retest reliability for changes during the test-retest interval based on an external measure, and to distinguish such changes from random response errors. METHODS: In our application, eighty participants completed the Symptoms of Illness Checklist (SIC) on two occasions, two weeks apart, immediately before interviews given on each occasion by one of two physicians in a crossover design. The physician interview scores served as external measures, and structural equation modeling was used to estimate the parameters of a model that corrected for the occasion-specific effect of participants' responses using information from the interviews. RESULTS: Correcting for changes in symptoms during the test-retest interval increased SIC test-retest reliability from .744 to .804 and significantly improved model fit (chi2(diff)(1) = 30.78, p < .001). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest methods that can improve the evaluation of self-report health questionnaire test-retest reliability by identifying changes using an external measure, and distinguishing these from random response errors; these increased the estimated SIC test-retest reliability and indicated that the SIC was indeed able to measure changes over the studied time interval. This method can be applied across a broad range of questionnaires.     

眼科手术病人的心理护理

目的 :本文通过对眼科手术病人进行有效的心理护理 ,提高了患者对医护人员的信任感和依从性 ,使患者能很好配合手术 ,提高了手术的成功率。方法 :参加术前病案讨论和对患者进行术前、术中和术后的心理护理 ,以及相关疾病知识宣教。结果 :经过两组对照加强心理护理能使病人术后伤口愈合良好 ,无并发症发生 ,提高了病人对手术的满意率。结论 :通过加强心理护理融洽了护患关系增进了相互理解和信任 ,提高了以患者为中心的整体护理水平。     

精神分裂症患者心理防御机制与人格特征的相关性分析

目的　探讨精神分裂症患者心理防御方式和人格特片的特点及二者的相关性。方法　分别运用防御方式问卷 (DSQ)和艾森克个性问卷 (EPQ)对 10 1名精神分裂症患者和 30例正常人群进行防御方式评定和人格测定。结果　与正常对照组相比 ,精神分裂症患者更多采用不成熟和中间型防御方式 (P <0 0 5 )。防御方式与人格特征存在着一定的关联性 (P <0 0 5 )。不成熟型防御方式和中间型防御机制与EPQ的精神质 (P)得分和神经质 (N)得分呈显著正相关 (P <0 0 1) ,成熟防御机制与内外向(E)得分呈显著正相关 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　精神分裂症患者更多地使用不成熟防御机制 ,存在病态人格 ,且者之间存在明显相关性 ,有关结果 ,对于探讨精神分裂症患者的病理心理机制和开展心理治疗有指导意义。     

海洛因依赖者的个性心理特征及其对复吸的影响分析

目的了解自愿戒毒的海洛因依赖者的个性心理特征及其对脱毒后复吸的影响。方法使用MMPI对30例自愿戒毒的海洛因依赖者和30例未对任何药物成瘾的正常人的个性心理特征进行对照分析，明确海洛因依赖者个性心理特征，在此基础上找出个性心理特征与复吸原因的联系。结果海洛因依赖者在MMPI各量表中诈病(F)，精神病态(Pd)，疑病症(Hs)，偏执狂(Pa)，精神分裂(Sc)等量袁与对照组有明显的差异，且这些差异与脱毒者复吸原因有着直接的关系。结论海洛因依赖者的个性心理特征为明显的反社会行为和社会适应障碍，对自己健康过分关注，缺乏对社会环境的归属感，易将自己的问题合理化而归因于剐人，并由这种心理特征增加了复吸率。     

心理支持疗法对机械通气患者应激反应的影响

目的 观察心理支持疗法(PST)对ICU患者机械通气应激反应的影响。方法 将34例连续机械通气时间在20h的清醒患者，随机分为采用标准的PST方法进行治疗的观察组和对照组，观察焦虑抑郁程度和应激反应改变情况。结果 对照组患者的焦虑抑郁程度明显高于观察组，部分应激反应激素水平升高幅度也明显大于观察组。结论 PST可通过缓解机械通气患者的焦虑抑郁等不良情绪状态减轻机械通气带来的各种心身应激反应，有利于提高机械通气治疗的有效性和安全性。     

谈大学新生的心理健康教育

大学新生的心理健康教育是大学生的心理健康教育的重要内容,大学新生由于环境的变化其心理问题表现出与老生不同的特点,本文对新生常见的心理问题和教育措施提出一些自已的观点和看法.     

丙戊酸钠静脉滴注治疗偏头痛持续状态

目的评估丙戊酸钠治疗偏头痛持续状态的有效性和安全性。方法我们前瞻性地用静脉滴注丙戊酸钠来治疗偏头痛持续状态,然后比较患者治疗前与出院时视觉模拟评分(VAS)。并比较各种因素(一般情况,累计的丙戊酸钠剂量,合并用药)与治疗之间的关系。结果首次治疗中,26次(74.3%)治疗时患者VAS评分较治疗前减少50%或50%以上。所有治疗中,37次(82.2%)治疗使患者VAS评分较治疗前减少50%或50%以上。患者的性别与治疗反应无关。所有治疗中,合并用药(强痛定,索密通,散粒痛和达宁)和治疗时间与治疗反应呈负相关。仅3例(8.6%)出现短暂性眩晕。结论丙戊酸钠静滴是快速,有效和安全的止痛治疗。它对偏头痛持续状态有效。     

中老年普外非急诊入院患者营养状况调查(附169例分析)

本文报道了169例中、老年普外科非急诊入院患者营养状况调查,多参数指标包括人体测量和实验室检查。结果显示40％患者有不同程度的营养不良。120例(71％)患者在8项调查指标中,有2～6项异常。按消化道和非消化道疾病进行比较,体重身高指数(WT/HT)、上臂周径(AMC)在中年组有显著差异(P<0.05)。     

试论医院药剂科的法律地位和作用

本文论述了医院药剂科的法律地位和作用,药政部门的执法盲点,提出法律措施是促使医药同步发展的可靠保障。