注射用丙戊酸钠联合碳酸锂治疗急性躁狂发作的临床疗效

目的通过观察和分析,讨论注射用丙戊酸钠联合碳酸锂治疗急性躁狂发作的临床疗效。方法选取我院自2010年4月-2012年12月期间所得躁狂症并且不断有急性躁狂发作的患者132例,作为本次临床试验的观察对象。先对这132例患者采用碳酸锂进行治疗,若是在4周后病情未控制住,再采用丙戊酸钠联合碳酸锂进行治疗。将全部患者列为对照组,采用联合治疗的患者列为观察组。观察两组患者的好转情况和并发症情况。结果在1周时两组患者的评分无明显差异(P0.05),在2、3、4周后差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组患者的并发症比对照组少33.33%,χ2=5.9183,P0.05,差异具有统计学意义。结论注射用丙戊酸钠联合碳酸锂治疗急性躁狂发作具有显著疗效,并且副作用较少,值得临床广泛应用。     

能级循环培训对精神科护士自我效能感的影响

目的探讨对精神科护士实施能级循环培训的方法及效果。方法运用提高自我效能感途径的方法,对本院98名精神科护士进行为期1年的能级循环培训,于培训前后用一般自我效能感量表和护士压力源量表进行评分比较。结果精神科护士培训后护士压力源量表各方面评分均低于培训前,自我效能感平均得分高于培训前,培训前后比较差异有显著统计学意义(t=2.53~9.93,P0.05或0.01)。结论能级循环培训能够减轻精神科护士的工作压力,提高精神科护士的自我效能感,从而提高工作能力。     

首发精神分裂症与生活事件和社会支持的关系

目的 了解生活事件和社会支持与首发精神分裂症的关系。方法 采用生活事件量表和社会支持量表作评定工具,对42例首发精神分裂症与42名正常人进行对比研究。结果 首发精神分裂症患者负性生活事件和正性生活事件及生活事件总值均显著高于对照组,首发精神分裂症患者的社会支持量表分明显低于对照组。结论 生活事件和社会支持不足与首发精神分裂症的发病密切相关。     

Legal and Policy Considerations in Lebanon Related to Proposals for Paraphilic Disorders in World Health Organization's International Classification of Diseases Manual, 11th Version

IntroductionThe World Health Organization's general assembly, in its last meeting of May 2019, has approved the suggested changes to the International Classification of Diseases manual, 11th version (ICD-11). Some of the proposed recommendations include the revision of “Disorders of Sexual Preference”, now called Paraphilic Disorders, currently listed under the International Classification of Diseases-10 Mental and Behavioural Disorders.AimThis article presents findings on the analysis of the existing laws and policies that are relevant to paraphilic disorders in Lebanon.MethodsA literature review of all official and unofficial documents, reports, and articles published on laws and health policies relevant to paraphilic disorders in Lebanon was conducted, including a thorough review on Lebanese laws on that matter. Moreover, interviews with government representatives, including the Ministry of Public Health, the Ministry of Justice, the Ministry of Social Affairs, representatives of Non-Governmental Organizations working in child protection, and mental health professionals from the private and public sector, were conducted.Main Outcome MeasureCovered are (i) the health system in Lebanon including policies and laws related to mental health care provision and relevance to paraphilic disorders, (ii) the legal framework and the mental health evaluation and treatment in the Lebanese criminal justice system: the case of paraphilic disorders, (iii) adjudication of sex offenders in Lebanon, (iv) criminal responsibility relevant to paraphilic disorders, and (v) the relationship between legal and clinical issues for non–forensic health professionals.ResultsThe treatment of paraphilic disorders would follow the treatment of all mental health conditions in Lebanon as no specific services for paraphilic disorders are available within these health-care systems. Legally, sexual crimes in Lebanon are not judged according to the individual's urges, fantasies, or state of mind, rather are assessed according to the acts committed by the individual. Therefore, an individual diagnosed with a paraphilic disorder is not culpable of any crime should he not act on this disorder by committing acts that fall under the scope of the penal code. An analysis of sexual acts that qualify as crimes reveals that the element of consent is rarely taken into consideration as most sexual crimes are defined as such with reference to violation of social norms, primarily “morals and public morality.” Therefore, a change in the diagnostic classification of mental and behavioral disorders (ICD or Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) should not be a factor in their definition. Furthermore, in the course of enforcing criminal sanctions on individuals diagnosed with a mental disorder, the determining factor will be the individual's state of awareness at the time of the act. Psychiatric expertise initiated in that context lacks standardized criteria for diagnosis and is not bound by law to rely on international classifications; it is usually based on nonstructured interviews. Should it be assessed that the individual was fully aware of the consequences of his or her act, the paraphilic disorder diagnosis should not play any role in the sentencing.Clinical implicationsClinicians in Lebanon can now be aware of the legal sanctions that patients with paraphilic disorders may fall under, should criminal acts be committed. Clinicians can also be familiar with the role of mental health disorders in the legal system, specifically with relevance to “awareness” at the time of the criminal act. Moreover, clinicians can freely use the updated diagnoses of paraphilic disorders in the ICD-11, as they form no legal detriments in Lebanon.Strength & LimitationsThe interviewing technique used in this study ensured that participants spoke about issues pertinent to their experience and expertise and helped achieve data saturation. Nonetheless, although this is a review, a quality and bias screening tool was not used because of the search mostly pertaining to legal laws and cases instead of research articles. furthermore, no software was used to analyze the qualitative data from the interviews. In addition, some of the documents reviewed were in Arabic, and therefore, some nuances, while translating the essential findings to English, might have been lost in translation.ConclusionCompared with the ICD-10, the categories and definitions in ICD-11 should not create any additional obstacles nor offer any direct positive consideration, as the diagnostic classifications of mental disorders (ICD or Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) are not relevant to the definition of criminal sexual acts in Lebanon.Makhlouf Y, Kerbage H, Khauli N, et al. Legal and Policy Considerations in Lebanon Related to Proposals for Paraphilic Disorders in World Health Organization's International Classification of Diseases Manual, 11th Version. J Sex Med 2020;17:491–504.     

Radicalisation et « image de soi »

Europe and France are traversed by new forms of mobilization, individual or collective initiatives that find their expression in an exacerbated radicalism, forged and fed by the rejection of the republican pact. With economic crisis, young people are looking for an ideal. This phenomenon of radicalization feeds in particular societal and social changes of recent decades, such as the break-up of the family structure with the devaluation of parental authority. Also, radical Islamism offers them a “kit ready to think”. We report the role of “self-image” as a product of bodily sensations and emotions in the genesis of this phenomenon. Radical Islam can provide them a kind of “identity prosthesis” that will support the gap between self-representation and self-idealism.     

COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: Systematic review of the current evidence

BackgroundDuring the COVID-19 pandemic general medical complications have received the most attention, whereas only few studies address the potential direct effect on mental health of SARS-CoV-2 and the neurotropic potential. Furthermore, the indirect effects of the pandemic on general mental health are of increasing concern, particularly since the SARS-CoV-1 epidemic (2002–2003) was associated with psychiatric complications.MethodsWe systematically searched the database Pubmed including studies measuring psychiatric symptoms or morbidities associated with COVID-19 among infected patients and among none infected groups the latter divided in psychiatric patients, health care workers and non-health care workers.ResultsA total of 43 studies were included. Out of these, only two studies evaluated patients with confirmed COVID-19 infection, whereas 41 evaluated the indirect effect of the pandemic (2 on patients with preexisting psychiatric disorders, 20 on medical health care workers, and 19 on the general public). 18 of the studies were case-control studies/compared to norm, while 25 of the studies had no control groups. The two studies investigating COVID-19 patients found a high level of post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) (96.2%) and significantly higher level of depressive symptoms (p = 0.016). Patients with preexisting psychiatric disorders reported worsening of psychiatric symptoms. Studies investigating health care workers found increased depression/depressive symptoms, anxiety, psychological distress and poor sleep quality. Studies of the general public revealed lower psychological well-being and higher scores of anxiety and depression compared to before COVID-19, while no difference when comparing these symptoms in the initial phase of the outbreak to four weeks later. A variety of factors were associated with higher risk of psychiatric symptoms and/or low psychological well-being including female gender, poor-self-related health and relatives with COVID-19.ConclusionResearch evaluating the direct neuropsychiatric consequences and the indirect effects on mental health is highly needed to improve treatment, mental health care planning and for preventive measures during potential subsequent pandemics.     

大学生抑郁症症状水平与儿童期创伤经历关系初探

目的研究大学生抑郁症症状水平与儿童期创伤经历的关系。方法对抑郁症组39名大学生进行抑郁症症状的评定,同时发放儿童期创伤经历问卷(CTQ-SF);给正常组77名大学生发放儿童期创伤经历问卷(CTQ-SF)。结果与正常组相比,重度抑郁症组情感虐待、情感忽视的汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)得分显著偏高(t=2.506,3.117;P均0.05),轻中度抑郁症组情感忽视的HAMD得分显著偏高(t=2.831,P0.05);情感虐待因子、性虐待因子分别进入抑郁症症状水平与焦虑症症状水平的回归方程(标准偏回归系数分别为0.342和0.372)。结论情感虐待、情感忽视是影响大学生抑郁症症状水平的重要因素,性虐待则是影响大学生抑郁症患者焦虑症状的重要因素。     

多虑平与阿普唑仑治疗广泛性焦虑症的对照研究

目的　比较多虑平与阿普唑仑治疗广泛性焦虑症的疗效和不良反应。方法　采用与阿普唑仑的随机对照方法 ,将符合广泛性焦虑诊断标准的患者 72例 ,随机分为多虑平组 ( 3 6例 )和阿普唑仑组 ( 3 6例 )治疗 4周。用汉密尔顿焦虑量表 ,Zung焦虑自评量表 ,临床总体印象量表及临床疗效和治疗药物副作用量表评定疗效和药物的不良反应。结果　多虑平与阿普唑仑的疗效相近。多虑平对精神性焦虑症状的起效时间较阿普唑仑稍慢 ,对焦虑症状的治疗具有选择性 ,适用于门诊治疗。多虑平主要不良反应是轻微的口干、头昏。结论　多虑平治疗焦虑症有效 ,副作用较轻     

误诊为精神障碍的抗N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体脑炎43例分析

目的:探讨误诊为精神障碍的抗N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体（N-methyl-D-aspartate-receptor;NMDAR）脑炎患者的临床特征,提高早期诊断率,减少误诊。方法:收集2012年至2018年在郑州大学第一附属医院确诊的抗NMDA受体脑炎患者的临床资料,筛选出误诊为精神障碍疾病的患者,回顾性分析其精神症状特征、病程特点、影像学及实验室检查结果,治疗及预后情况。结果:共收集121例确诊为抗NMDA受体脑炎患者,筛选出误诊为精神障碍的43例。43例患者中,16例（37.2％）存在前驱症状,所有患者均有精神行为异常（100％）,其中癫痫发作32例（74.4％）、意识水平下降13例（30.2％）、不自主运动21例（48.8％）、记忆力下降15例（34.9％）、言语功能障碍8例（18.6％）、其他神经系统症状（中枢性低通气、自主神经功能障碍）8例（18.6％）,各种不同症状可能在同一患者身上同时或相继出现,症状完全缓解或只留下轻微肢体障碍者38例,遗留精神异常和癫痫发作反复入院者5例,复发率占11.6%（5/43）。结论:抗NMDA受体脑炎临床表现复杂多样,多数以精神行为异常为首发症状,极易误诊为精神障碍,延迟治疗会导致病程延长,预后不良。