Predisposing factors for surgical site infection of spinal instrumentation surgery for diabetes patients

Purpose

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is known as an important risk factor for surgical site infection (SSI) in spine surgery. It is still unclear however which DM-related parameters have stronger influence on SSI. The purpose of this study is to determine predisposing factors for SSI following spinal instrumentation surgery for patients with DM.

Methods

110 DM patients (66 males and 44 females) who underwent spinal instrumentation surgery in one institute were enrolled in this study. For each patient, various preoperative or intraoperative parameters were reviewed from medical records. Patients were divided into two groups (SSI or non-SSI) based on the postoperative course. Each parameter between these two groups was compared. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine predisposing factor for SSI.

Results

The SSI group consisted of 11 patients (10 %), and the non-SSI group of 99 patients (90 %). Univariate analysis revealed that preoperative proteinuria (p = 0.01), operation time (p = 0.04) and estimated blood loss (p = 0.02) were significantly higher in the SSI group compared to the non-SSI group. Multivariate logistic regression identified preoperative proteinuria as a statistically significant predictor of SSI (OR 6.28, 95 % CI 1.58–25.0, p = 0.009).

Conclusions

Proteinuria is a significant predisposing factor for SSI in spinal instrumentation surgery for DM patients. DM patients with proteinuria who are likely to suffer latent nephropathy have a potential risk for SSI. For them less invasive surgery is recommended for spinal instrumentation. In this retrospective study, there was no significant difference of preoperative condition in glycemic control between the two groups.     

托伐普坦联合尿毒清颗粒治疗肾病综合征的临床效果

目的观察托伐普坦联合尿毒清颗粒治疗肾病综合征患者的临床效果。方法选择2017年8月-2018年12月四川省资阳市第一人民医院肾病内科诊治肾病综合征患者90例作为研究对象,依据随机数字表法将患者分为对照组(n=45)和观察组(n=45),入院后根据诊疗规范进行治疗,对照组给予托伐普坦,观察组在对照组基础上给予尿毒清颗粒,治疗1个月后,比较2组治疗前后的血肌酐、尿素氮、尿量、血红蛋白、血清白蛋白、钾离子和钙离子水平,记录不良反应发生情况。结果治疗1个月后,2组血肌酐与尿素氮水平均降低,且观察组降低幅度大于对照组(t/P=3.999/0.000、2.316/0.023);2组的尿量、血红蛋白和血清白蛋白均上升,且观察组上升幅度大于对照组(t/P=-11.320/0.000、-4.606/0.000、-3.068/0.003),2组治疗前后的钾、钙离子浓度均未发生明显变化(P>0.05);不良反应发生率比较差异亦无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论使用托伐普坦联合尿毒清颗粒治疗肾病综合征患者,可以改善患者的肾功能,改善尿量和营养状态,稳定体内电解质水平,安全性良好。     

温阳固肾灸干预慢性肾脏病患者蛋白尿的疗效评价

目的探讨传统疗法温阳固肾灸治疗慢性肾脏病(chronic kidney disease,CDK)患者蛋白尿的疗效。方法根据美国肾脏病基金会制定的临床实践指南,纳入明确诊断为CKD的患者59例,所有患者均为2014年3月至2014年10月在广东省中医院芳村医院传统疗法科及肾内科住院的患者,其中男35例,女24例。采用随机数字表法,将患者随机分为2组,对照组29例,干预组30例。对照组给予遵循低盐低脂优质低蛋白的饮食指导,护肾、降压等中药汤剂、中成药、西药等基础治疗。干预组在基础治疗方案的基础上,增加温阳固肾灸疗法,主穴定位为中脘、关元,配以神阙、气海、涌泉诸穴,每次每穴15 min,每日一次,10 d为一个疗程,共3个疗程。监测两组治疗前后24 h尿蛋白定量、镜下血尿、血肌酐及肾小球滤过率等指标。结果干预组和对照组24 h尿蛋白测定比较,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),而2组血尿、血肌酐及肾小球滤过率比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论温阳固肾灸对于改善CKD患者的蛋白尿有一定疗效,可在一定程度上缓解CKD患者的临床症状。温阳固肾灸治疗CKD2~3期蛋白尿是一个操作简单、安全有效且无不良反应的方法,值得后续扩大样本,进一步探讨验证。     

小儿原发性肾病综合征脂质紊乱与蛋白代谢异常的关系

目的研究小儿原发性肾病综合征（ＩＮＳ）与蛋白代谢异常的关系。方法检测６８例小儿ＩＮＳ７项脂质指标及５项蛋白代谢参数。采用ＳＤＳＰＡＧＥ电泳检测其尿蛋白类型。结果ＩＮＳ小儿存在明显脂质紊乱，具有动脉粥样硬化、冠心病及进行性肾脏损害的危险因素结论尿白蛋白排泄率增加或中分子尿蛋白是脂质紊乱重要原因。尿白蛋白排泄率与脂质紊乱关系密切。     

Slit diaphragm dysfunction in proteinuric states: identification of novel therapeutic targets for nephrotic syndrome

Several recent studies have demonstrated that the slit diaphragm of the glomerular epithelial cell (podocyte) is the structure likely to be the principal barrier in the glomerular capillary wall. Nephrin identified as a gene product mutated in congenital nephrotic syndrome located at the outer leaflet of plasma membranes of the slit diaphragm. The anti-nephrin antibody is capable of inducing massive proteinuria, which indicates that nephrin is a key functional molecule in the slit diaphragm. Expression of nephrin was reduced in glomeruli of minimal change nephrotic syndrome. Some recent studies demonstrated that podocin, CD2-associated protein and NEPH1 are also functional molecules in the slit diaphragm, and their expressions are altered in membranous nephropathy and also in focal glomerulosclerosis. These observations suggested that the alteration of the molecular arrangement in the slit diaphragm is involved in the development of proteinuria in several kinds of glomerular diseases. Recent studies of our group have demonstrated that type 1 receptor-mediated angiotensin II action reduced the expression of the slit diaphragm-associated molecules and that type 1 receptor blockade ameliorated proteinuria by preventing the function of angiotensin II on the slit diaphragm. By the subtraction hybridization techniques using glomerular cDNA of normal and proteinuric rats, we detected that synaptic vesicle protein 2B and ephrin B1 are involved in the maintenance of the barrier function of the slit diaphragm. Presented at the 36th Eastern Regional Meeting of the Japanese Society of Nephrology.     

Decreased body mass index as an independent risk factor for developing chronic kidney disease

BACKGROUND: Obesity and metabolic syndrome are risk factors for the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Few studies have examined the effect of change in body mass index (DeltaBMI) on CKD incidence in a general screening setting. METHODS: Subjects of this study were screenees that participated in the screening program of the Okinawa General Health Maintenance Association in 1993 and 2003 in Okinawa, Japan. Using identification number, birth date, sex, and other recorded identifiers, we identified 33,389 subjects among the 1993 screening participants (N = 143,948) who also participated in the 2003 screening. CKD was defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 ml/min/1.73 m(2), according to the modification of diet in renal disease study equation. Obesity was defined as BMI > or = 25 kg/m(2). RESULTS: CKD prevalence was 13.8% in 1993 and 22.4% in 2003. The incidence of developing CKD in 10 years was 15.5%. The effect of DeltaBMI on CKD incidence was evaluated after considering other confounding factors such as age, sex, blood pressure, BMI, fasting plasma glucose, and proteinuria. Median DeltaBMI was 1.0%. The adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) for the effect of DeltaBMI on CKD incidence was 1.111 (1.026-1.204, P < 0.01; entire study population), 1.271 (1.116-1.448, P = 0.0030; men), and 1.030 (0.931-1.139, NS; women), when DeltaBMI > or = 1% was taken as a reference. DeltaBMI was an independent predictor of CKD incidence. CONCLUSIONS: The present results suggest that there was an inverse relationship between DeltaBMI and CKD incidence among screened subjects. The reasons for this observation are not clear, but careful follow-up for DeltaBMI is necessary, particularly in obese men with proteinuria.     

祛风通络方对系膜增生性肾小球肾炎大鼠蛋白尿及血清IL-6与IL-8的影响

目的：探讨祛风通络方对系膜增生性肾小球肾炎大鼠蛋白尿及血清白细胞介素-6（IL-6）、白细胞介素-8（IL-8）的影响。方法：采用免疫法制备系膜增生性肾小球肾炎大鼠模型,应用磺柳酸法测定大鼠24h尿蛋白定量,双抗体夹心ELISA法检测大鼠血清IL-6、IL-8,光镜下观察各组大鼠肾小球系膜区（GMC）及细胞外基质（ECM）积聚变化。结果：模型组与正常对照组比较24h尿蛋白定量及血清IL-6、IL-8明显升高（P〈0.01）;祛风通络方组24h尿蛋白定量及血清IL-6、IL-8均明显低于模型组（P〈0.01）;肾组织形态学观察显示祛风通络方组个别区域肾小球系膜细胞轻度增生,系膜区轻度增宽,管腔无挤压现象,较模型组明显改善。结论：祛风通络方组降低系膜增生性肾小球肾炎大鼠尿蛋白,降低血清IL-6、IL-8水平,减轻系膜细胞增生和细胞外基质增加,延缓或减轻肾组织损伤,保护肾功能。     

A single-center study of C1q nephropathy in children

C1q nephropathy (C1qN) is a rare idiopathic glomerulopathy typically seen in adolescents and young adults. All kidney biopsies done from 2002 to 2007 were analyzed (264). Thirteen cases of C1qN from 212 (6.6%) native biopsies and one case out of 52 (1.9%) transplant biopsies were reviewed regarding demographic features, clinical presentation, histopathology, treatment, and outcome. Age varied from 1 to 18 years; half were boys. Ten children (71.4%) presented with nephrotic syndrome (NS). The most common histopathology found was diffuse mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis (DMP) by light microscopy (LM), with diffuse granular staining for C1q predominantly in the mesangium. Children with either NS or persistent gross hematuria received prednisone and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) (11). Median follow-up was 36 months. Steroid response was complete in 6 patients (54.5%). Those with steroid resistance (5) or steroid dependence (2) received further immunosuppression with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) or tacrolimus (Tac). Three children achieved complete remission and four partial remission. Frequent relapses were seen in 4/14 patients. Renal survival was 100%. Our report reveals a high incidence of C1qN in pediatric patients, with variable clinical presentation. Despite a high incidence of steroid resistance among those with NS, an excellent response was observed with the addition of further immunosuppression.     

Cyclosporin A for the treatment of severe Henoch-Schönlein glomerulonephritis

We evaluated the efficacy of cyclosporin A (CyA) for treating pediatric patients with severe Henoch-Schönlein glomerulonephritis (HSP-GN) and nephrotic-range proteinuria. Seven pediatric HSP-GN patients (5 boys, 2 girls) were treated with CyA, with a mean age of 10.6 years at diagnosis (range 7.2–15.2 years) and mean follow-up times of 6.0 years (range 4.4–8.9 years) from diagnosis and 5.2 years (range 3.4–7.7 years) from the beginning of the CyA treatment. All had developed nephrotic-range proteinuria within 1–3 months of the HSP diagnosis. A renal biopsy was performed on all the patients, and two showed rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. They all received additional angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor medication and one to three types of immunosuppressive treatment had been tried in five of the seven patients before CyA was initiated at a mean interval of 0.7 years after diagnosis (range 0.1–2.0 years). All the patients responded to the CyA treatment within a mean of 1.4 months (range 1 week to 4 months). Four patients achieved a stable remission and had been without CyA treatment for a mean of 3.7 years (range 2.9–5.3 years) by the end of the follow-up. Three patients seemed to become CyA dependent, since they developed proteinuria when the treatment was stopped. CyA treatment had been started significantly earlier (P=0.045) in the former group (mean 0.2 years, range 0.1–0.3 years) than in the latter (mean 1.5 years, range 1.2–2.0 years). Renal function was preserved in all patients, the glomerular filtration rate, plasma cystatin C, serum albumin, and serum creatinine being within normal limits at the end of the follow-up. We conclude that CyA treatment for severe treatment-resistant HSP-GN is promising, since four of the seven patients enjoy stable remission and all have retained their renal function after a mean follow-up of 6.0 years. However, some patients seem to develop CyA-dependent nephritis.The results were presented as a poster at the 36th meeting of the European Society for Pediatric Nephrology in Bilbao     

Interim evidence of the renoprotective effect of the angiotensin II receptor antagonist losartan versus the calcium channel blocker amlodipine in patients with chronic kidney disease and hypertension: a report of the Japanese Losartan Therapy Intended for Global Renal Protection in Hypertensive Patients (JLIGHT) Study

Background. Insufficiency of renal function and high blood pressure influence each other and eventually result in life-threatening endstage renal disease. It has been proposed that proteinuria per se is a determinant of the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). The therapeutic strategy for patients with proteinuric CKD and hypertension should therefore be targeted with a view not merely toward blood pressure reduction but also toward renoprotection. Methods. We examined the effect of the angiotensin (AT)₁ receptor antagonist losartan and the calcium channel blocker amlodipine, throughout a period of 12 months, on reduction of blood pressure and renoprotection. This was done by assessing amounts of urinary protein excretion, serum creatinine (SCr), and creatinine clearance (CCr) in patients with hypertension (systolic blood pressure [SBP] 140mmHg or diastolic blood pressure [DBP] 90mmHg) and CKD (male, body weight [BW] 60kg: 1.5 SCr < 3.0mg/dl; female or male BW < 60kg: 1.3 SCr < 3.0mg/dl), manifesting proteinuria of 0.5g or more/day. Losartan was administered once daily at doses of 25 to 100mg/day, and amlodipine was given once daily at 2.5 to 5mg/day. No antihypertensive combination therapy was allowed during the first 3-month period. Results. A 3-month interim analysis revealed that, despite there being no difference in blood pressure between the two groups, there was a significant reduction in 24-h urinary protein excretion in the losartan group (n = 43), but there was no change in the amlodipine group (n = 43). Analysis of stratified subgroups with proteinuria of 2g or more/day and less than 2g/day showed that losartan lowered proteinuria by approximately 24% in both subgroups, while amlodipine lowered proteinuria by 10%, but only in the subgroup of less than 2g/day (NS). SCr and CCr did not change throughout the period of 3 months in either group. No severe or fatal adverse event was experienced in either group during the study period. Conclusions. Losartan appeared to be efficacious for renoprotection in patients with proteinuric CKD and hypertension, with the mechanism being independent of its antihypertensive action.