改良翼点入路治疗颅底脑挫伤及血肿78例分析

目的:总结改良翼点入路治疗颅底脑挫伤及血肿的方法及经验。方法:运用改良翼点入路对78例颅脑损伤患者进行手术治疗。结果:本组67例术后存活,病死率14.1%,骨瓣回植率65%。结论:该入路暴露彻底,减压充分,便于手术操作和减轻术后脑肿胀,病死率低。     

Acid–base physiology: new concepts

The traditional approach to acid–base physiology is based on the Henderson–Hasselbalch equation which is derived from the ${\text{CO}}_2/{{\text{HCO}}_3}^{?}$ buffer system. However, it is becoming increasingly recognized that this is an incomplete analysis as it focuses on only one of the six reactions involving H⁺ and can lead to the incorrect assumption that CO₂ and ${{\text{HCO}}_3}^{?}$ are independently adjusted factors that ultimately determine pH. In 1983, Stewart, a Canadian physiologist, proposed that a fuller understanding of acid–base physiology required consideration of biological fluids as a complex dynamic system, taking into account the interactions of all the chemical species involved. He showed that the true independent variables controlling the pH of any given fluid compartment are: the difference in the concentration of ‘strong ions’; the total concentration of ‘weak acid’; and the PCO₂. Importantly, H⁺ and ${{\text{HCO}}_3}^{?}$ are dependent variables and it is incorrect to think of them as being specifically regulated to manipulate pH. This review will discuss the importance of pH homeostasis and highlight the implications of the Stewart approach in our understanding of acid–base control mechanisms and disorders. In particular, the true mechanisms by which the kidney regulates plasma pH will be discussed, emphasizing key misconceptions that have been propagated as a result of the traditional approach.     

Combining a digital design-mediated surgery-first approach and clear aligners to treat a skeletal Class III defect for aesthetic purposes: a case report

This case report introduces digital surgery-first approach orthognathic surgery assisted by three-dimensional virtual planning and combined with invisible orthodontic treatment for a 21-year-old female patient with a skeletal Class III high-angle gummy smile malocclusion. We explored the clinical significance of the widespread application of digital technology for rapid development of the orthodontic/orthognathic field. The regional acceleratory phenomenon and clear aligners were used to achieve fast and aesthetic tooth movement after surgery. The treatment lasted only 8 months, and the patient was satisfied with the aesthetic results. The results remained stable after 1 year of follow-up. This case report highlights the advantages of combining a digital design and a surgery-first approach to produce accurate, rapid, safe, stable, and fulfilling cosmetic results. The combination of the surgery-first approach and clear aligners can facilitate patient-oriented surgical orthodontic treatment.     

经不同手术径路治疗胸中下段食管鳞癌的比较研究

目的比较经左胸与右胸手术径路治疗胸中下段食管鳞癌的疗效,探讨合理的胸中下段食管鳞癌手术径路。方法回顾性分析2004年1月到2007年12月间上海交通大学附属胸科医院行手术治疗的120例食管中下段鳞癌患者的临床资料．其中左胸径路和右胸径路各60例．比较两组患者手术切除率、淋巴结清扫情况、术后并发症发生率、复发情况以及生存率。结果左胸径路组和右胸径路组患者手术切除率分别为91．7％（55／60）和95．0％（57／60）,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。左胸径路组平均每例淋巴结清扫数和转移淋巴结数分别为4．60枚和0．57枚,显著低于右胸径路组的8．32枚和1．33枚（均P〈0.01）。两组术后并发症发生率分别为26．7％（16／60）和31．7％（19／60）,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。两组术后局部复发率分别为43．3％（26／60）和23．3％（14／60）．差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）：但远处转移率的差异无统计学意义[68.3％（41／60）比56．7％（34／60）,P〉0.05]。左胸径路组术后5年生存率为21．7％,明显低于右胸径路组（36．7％,P〈0.05）。结论右胸径路与左胸径路对胸中下段食管鳞癌的手术切除率相似．但右胸径路更易于进行系统性的纵隔淋巴结清扫．有助于减少局部复发、提高长期生存。     

Natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery: The transvaginal route moving forward from cholecystectomy

The advent of minimally invasive surgery and the advances in endoluminal flexible endoscopy have converged to generate a new concept in digestive surgery, whose acronym natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES), has become a familiar term in the surgical community. NOTES has been performed through the mouth, the bladder, the rectum and the vagina. Of these four approaches, the vagina has gained most popularity for several reasons. It is not only readily accessible and easy to decontaminate but it also provides safe entry and simple closure. The transvaginal approach has been described in the experimental and the clinical setting as an option for cholecystectomy, nephrectomy, splenectomy, segmental gastrectomy, retroperitoneal exploration and bariatric surgery. However, larger series are needed to delineate the exact risks of this approach, and to transcend cultural barriers that impede its wider introduction. Prospective randomized trials will shed light on the definitive role of the vaginal approach in minimal invasive surgery of the future.     

How to Apply the Experience from the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial to Children and Adolescents?

The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) taught us to set target blood glucose (BG) and glycohaemoglobin (GHb) goals, to ensure safety regarding hypogly-caemia, to be flexible with insulin and meal planning and to offer frequent contact with diabetes educators, dieticians, psychologists and social workers as well as with diabe-tologists skilled in intensified management. Insulin dosage should be individualized based upon frequent BG monitoring results. Co-ordinated multidisciplinary health care teams provide optimum problem-solving rather than disaster control working with children, adolescents and their families. The patient and the family should form the central core of the diabetes team with outpatient follow-up every month and frequent telephone contact between visits. GHb should be obtained at least every 1–2 months to provide feedback as based on the DCCT intensified treatment cohort. Insulin lispro helps minimize hypoglycaemia and makes insulin administration more convenient and timely. Barriers to improvement should be identified: learning problems, concomitant significant illnesses (epilepsy, coeliac and thyroid disease, asthma) and family problems. Ensure age-appropriate transfer of self-care but continue adult supervision. Educate, motivate and re-educate. Meal planning includes not only carbohydrate counting but also maintaining normal lipids and energy needs for growth and development as well as strategies for activity compensation and hypoglycaemia prevention. Consideration of protein restriction may be required in adolescents with microalbuminuria. Individualized multidose insulin algorithms allow reactive (corrective) decisions based upon capillary BG results plus proactive (anticipatory) decisions to compensate for expected BG changes from changes in activity, food and/or illness using a multidose insulin schedule. The number of insulin injections does not define an intensified insulin treatment programme but rather the ability to target and achieve near-normal BG values as often as possible - without severe episodes of hypoglycaemia. Self BG monitoring is a key to success. Long-term monitoring should include not only frequent GHb but also at least annual fasting lipids, thyroid functions and microalbuminuria as well as dilated retinal exams, blood pressure, growth charting and Tanner staging.     

Users' Perceptions of the Impact of Electronic Aids to Daily Living Throughout the Acquisition Process

This study investigated the experience of seven new users of a particular type of assistive technology through the stages of anticipating, acquiring, and using an electronic aid to daily living. A mixed methods research approach was used to explore each of these stages. The Psychosocial Impact of Assistive Devices Scale was used to measure the perceived impact of the new assistive technology on users' quality of life, and findings were further explored and developed through open-ended questioning of the participants. Results indicated that preacquisition of the device, users predicted that the electronic aid to daily living would have a positive impact on their feelings of competence and confidence and that the device would enable them in a positive way. One month after acquiring the device a reduced, yet still positive, impact was observed. By 3 and 6 months after acquisition, perceived impact returned to the same positive high level as preacquisition. It is suggested that prior to receiving the device, potential users have positive expectations for the device that are not based in experience. At the early acquisition time, users adjust expectations of the role of the assistive technology in their lives and strive to balance expectations with reality. Three to 6 months after acquiring an electronic aid to daily living, the participants have a high positive view of how the device impacts on their lives based in experience and reality. A model illustrating the electronic aids to daily living acquisition process is proposed, and suggestions for future study are provided.     

Endoscopic thyroidectomy by a modified anterior chest approach: A single institution`s 5-year experience

Endoscopic thyroidectomy embodies the features of both minimally invasive surgery and aesthetic surgery. However, none of the established approaches is minimally invasive and meanwhile maximally cosmetic. Here we applied a modified anterior chest approach to achieve excellent cosmesis with reduced physical invasion. Fifty-six patients with benign thyroid diseases accepted this procedure. A 10mm longitudinal incision was made about one-fourth of the distance from the xiphoid to the sternal notch. Bilateral transversal incisions (5mm and 10mm) were performed about one-third of the distance from the nipple to the sternoclavicular joint. The subfascial space was maintained with CO₂ insufflation. Endoscopic lobectomy or subtotal thyroidectomy was performed according to the diseases. Fifty-four of the 56 procedures were successfully performed endoscopically, including 41 unilateral lobectomies and 13 subtotal thyroidectomies. The mean operative time for uni- and bilateral procedures was 117.2 min and 184.5 min, respectively. Conversion occurred in two cases due to bleeding and malignant frozen section analysis, respectively. Postoperative complications included one temporary recurrent nerve palsy, one transient hypocalcemia, and one subcutaneous emphysema. 96.2%(50/52) of the patients were extremely satisfied or satisfied with the cosmetic effect. This procedure is more likely to be accepted by patients older than 30 years. Endoscopic thyroidectomy by the modified anterior chest approach is an effective procedure with both excellent aesthetic benefits and reduced physical injury.     

绕肝提拉法前入路肝切除术(附6例临床报告)

目的　绕肝提拉法 (liverhangingmaneuver)进一步提高前入路肝切除术 (anteriorapproach)的安全性。方法　钝性分离肝后下腔静脉前间隙而形成肝后隧道。通过该隧道安放绕肝带 ,前入路肝切除时拉紧绕肝带 ,配合自行设计的止血板 ,完成 6例复杂肝切除术。结果　 6例成功安放绕肝带 ,未发生与该操作有关的并发症 ,前入路肝切除时肝正中裂界面内管道显露清楚 ,绕肝带具有指示作用。结论　复杂肝切除时使用绕肝带和止血板 ,有助于提高前入路肝切除的安全性。保证断肝能在最短的界面上进行。     

后外侧联合内侧手术切口治疗三踝骨折的疗效分析

目的:探讨后外侧联合内侧入路手术治疗三踝骨折的临床疗效。方法:回顾性分析2006年5月-2012年11月因三踝骨折来本院治疗者43例,手术均采用后外侧联合内侧入路切开复位钢板螺钉内固定,骨折端均未植骨。分析患者骨折愈合情况、内固定稳定性和美国足踝外科AOFAS评分。结果:所有患者均获得随访,随访时间10~21个月,平均15个月;所有患者均获得骨性愈合,愈合时间11~18周,平均13周;术后1例患者出现皮肤愈合不良、1例切口感染,保守治疗后好转,无内固定松动断裂等并发症;踝关节功能AOFAS评分(92.2±5.4)分。结论:采用后外侧联合内侧入路手术治疗三踝骨折,可以使踝关节尽量获得解剖复位,有利于早期功能锻炼,避免后期创伤性关节炎。