改良经皮层脑室入路切除丘脑肿瘤

目的探讨提高丘脑肿瘤的切除率和减少术后并发症的手术方法。方法对17例丘脑肿瘤采用改良经皮层脑室入路进行显微手术切除并获得6个月至3年的随访。结果肿瘤全切除11除、次全切除4例、大部切除1例，无手术死亡。结论改良经皮层脑室入路可提高丘脑肿瘤的手术全切率和减少术后并发症。     

经口进路行上颌骨切除术

目的:探讨经口进路行上颌骨切除术的可行性和适应证。方法:选择16例上颌骨肿瘤患者(恶性13例、良性3例),采用美国Stryker公司的微型电动力系统行经口进路上颌骨切除术。结果:16例患者中,上颌骨部分切除术15例,上颌骨次全切除术1例。经术后1～8年随访,面部均无疤痕,无下睑水肿及面部畸形。除1例恶性黑色素瘤患者死于术后两年外,其余患者均存活。结论:经口进路行上颌骨切除术疗效满意,其适应证主要为良性及低恶度上颌骨肿瘤,需行上颌骨部分切除或次全切除术者。     

再次经鼻蝶入路切除复发或残留的垂体瘤

目的：探讨经鼻蝶手术后复发或残留的垂体瘤再次经单鼻孔直达蝶窦入路显微外科手术的技术方法与疗效。方法：我科2001年8月至2005年8月对经鼻蝶手术后复发或残留的32例垂体瘤进行了经单鼻孔直达蝶窦入路显微外科再次手术治疗。结果：14例（43．8％）肿瘤获全切除，10例（31．2％）肿瘤达到次全切除，8例（25．0％）肿瘤仅获部分切除，无手术死亡。在垂体激素异常增高的13例功能性垂体腺瘤中，6例激素水平降至正常，3例激素水平下降〉50％，4例激素水平下降〈50％。24例术后随访观察6—48个月，8例（8／9）头痛消失或减轻；21例（21／22）视力、视野障碍改善；5例（5／7）肢端肥大症减轻；3例（3／4）溢乳停止，月经恢复。结论：经单鼻孔直达蝶窦入路显微外科手术最大限度的利用了鼻腔的自然间隙，具有入入路直接、创伤轻微和并发症少等优点；尽管有一定难度，但仍然是治疗经鼻蝶手术后复发或残留垂体瘤的一种安全有效的微创方法。     

双胎妊娠一胎死亡后期待治疗14例分析

目的:探讨双胎妊娠孕中晚期一胎死亡后期待治疗的临床效果。方法:回顾性研究分析1994年1月至2004年4月同济医院双胎妊娠一胎死亡的病例共14例。结果:期待治疗时间最长为61天,最短为3小时,平均保胎时间为12天,分娩平均孕周为32周。无一例出现明显凝血功能障碍。先兆子痫和胎膜早破发生率最高(35.7%)。胎儿畸型是胎死宫内的重要原因。结论:双胎妊娠一胎死亡后可采取期待治疗,在严密监测存活胎儿宫内安危,积极处理母体合并症或并发症的条件下,尽量延长存活胎儿在宫内生长的时间,提高存活胎儿的生存质量。     

整体教学法在大学英语阅读教学中的运用

大学阅读教学在英语习得中占举足轻重的地位,在大学英语阅读教学中引入整体性教学法可以有效地提高学生的阅读水平,本文从教师、学生和阅读技巧等方面阐述了整体性教学法在大学英语阅读教学中的作用,并提出一些具体方法。     

前纵裂入路切除鞍区巨大肿瘤

背景与目的：鞍区巨大肿瘤手术难度较大，本文探索前纵裂入路切除鞍内、鞍上向单双侧海绵窦、第三脑室、蝶窦及伴颞叶发展的巨大肿瘤的手术适应症、方法与优缺点方法：总结分析2002年1月至2004年5月我科经前纵裂入路切除鞍区各部位发展的肿瘤17例。结果：肿瘤全切14例，近全切2例．部分切除1例；术后视力改善12例，无改变5例，尿崩或电解质紊乱8例，死亡1例，随访时间3～32个月，有1例复发，系巨大侵袭性垂体瘤术后，行γ-刀治疗后肿瘤基本得到控制。结论：前纵裂入路是切除鞍内、鞍上向单双侧海绵安、第三脑室、蝶窦及伴颞叶发展的肿瘤较理想的入路，利用自然脑裂的分离，手术视野、操作角度好、肓区少，有利于显露重要血管、神经及双侧海绵窦内侧壁，肿瘤全切率高。     

Human carcinogenic risk evaluation, Part V: The national toxicology program vision for assessing the human carcinogenic hazard of chemicals.

The National Toxicology Program (NTP) has over 25 years of experience in the design, performance, and interpretation of assays for identifying carcinogenic hazards to humans. Through the years we have examined alternative assays and adjunct assays to the standard rodent cancer bioassay including batteries of genetic toxicity tests and genetically modified mouse models. As our collective understanding of carcinogenesis advances, toxicologists and regulatory scientists will at some point begin to rely on mechanism-based biological observations rather than the two-year rodent bioassay to predict human cancer hazards. The goal of the NTP Vision for the 21st Century is to develop the science base that will advance the use of mechanism-based biological observations, eventually providing a replacement for disease-specific toxicology models in the protection of public health.     

全乳晕入路腔镜下甲状腺微小乳头状癌手术的临床经验及疗效

目的：探讨全乳晕入路腔镜甲状腺微小乳头状癌的手术经验和疗效。方法：选取2016年6月至2017年12月 中南大学湘雅二医院收治的甲状腺微小乳头状癌患者共117例,根据患者意愿分为腔镜手术组(n=72)和开放手术组 (n=45),比较两组中央区淋巴结清扫数、术中出血量、术后引流量及术后并发症发生和复发情况。结果：与开放手 术组相比,腔镜手术组术中出血量少(P<0.05)、手术时间较长(P<0.05);两组淋巴结清除数、术后引流量及并发症发 生率的差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05);平均随访时间超过20个月,两组均无复发。结论：全乳晕入路腔镜下甲状腺 微小乳头状癌手术并行中央区淋巴结清扫是安全可行的,具有颈部无痕、出血少、住院时间短等优点,更易被年轻 患者所接受。     

Transnasal Endoscopic and Transoral Approaches in the Biopsies of Ventral Atlas and Axis Vertebrae: A Comprehensive Retrospective Study for Preprocedural Scheme,Biopsy Procedure,Core Technique Analysis,Diagnostic Yield and Clinical Outcome

ObjectiveThis study aims to describe and analyze the transoral and transnasal approaches for pathologies of the ventral atlas and axis vertebrae, which are considered technically challenging regions for diagnostic biopsy.MethodsA series of transnasal endoscopic approach (TNA) and transoral approach (TOA) biopsies for the pathologies of the first and second cervical vertebrae were conducted and retrospectively analyzed from July 2014 to May 2021. The depth of the biopsy trajectory was measured on computed tomography images for all nine patients (eight males and one female with an average age of 58.11 ± 11.60 years), as were the coronal, sagittal, and vertical biopsy safe ranges. The characteristics of each lesion, including radiographic features, blood supply, and destruction of anterior or posterior vertebral body edges, were evaluated to guide the biopsy. Four biopsy core techniques (BCTs), including “lesion perforating”, “aspiration”, “cutting‐and‐scraping” and “biopsy forceps utilization” were elaborated in this study. The biopsy procedures and periprocedural precautions were demonstrated. Patient demographics, clinical data, lesion characteristics, diagnostic yield, and complications were recorded for each case.ResultsEight TOA biopsies for the axis vertebral body and one TNA biopsy for the atlas anterior arch were successfully performed and yielded adequate pathologies. All biopsies were organized based on the preprocedural radiographic measurements, which showed that the average length of biopsy trajectory and coronal, sagittal, and vertical safe biopsy ranges were 85.00 ± 5.88, 20.63 ± 4.75, 16.25 ± 1.49, and 24.63 ± 2.26 mm, respectively, and these corresponding data were 95, 36, 9, and 26 mm in the TNA patient. Six osteolytic lesions (66.7%), one osteoblastic lesion (11.1%), and two mixed lesions (22.2%) were observed, among which seven lesions had a rich blood supply. Biopsy forceps and core needles were utilized to obtain samples in six and three patients, respectively. All the TNA and TOA biopsies were performed with cooperative application of multiple BCTs under compound anatomic and stereotactic navigations. Intraprocedural or postprocedural complications occurred in no patients who underwent the biopsy in the follow‐up period (1–39 months). No significant differences were found between the preprocedural and postprocedural blood indexes and visual analogue scale scores.ConclusionWith a sophisticated preprocedural arrangement, cooperative application of BCTs, and careful periprocedural precautions, transnasal endoscopic and transoral biopsies are two feasible, efficient, and well‐tolerated procedures that achieve satisfactory diagnostic yield, complication rate, and clinical outcome.     

单鼻孔蝶窦入路显微手术治疗垂体腺瘤

目的探讨经蝶窦入路治疗垂体腺瘤临床意义。方法2000年9月至2006年9月共选择收治垂体腺瘤患者56例,术前均进行冠状CT、MR I检查,并行内分泌学检查,均行单鼻孔蝶窦入路显微手术治疗。术后随访6～36个月。结果肿瘤全切47例,次全切7例,部分切除2例。术后症状及内分泌检查改善54例,17例出现一过性尿崩5例出现并发症,包括鼻中隔穿孔,鼻黏膜感染,脑脊液漏。2例一年后复发。结论经蝶窦手术治疗垂体腺瘤创伤小,操作简单,安全,肿瘤切除完全,住院时间短,费用低。