Evolutionary Classification of Homeodomains

Purpose and Methods: We performed multiple comparisons between available amino acid (aa) sequences of homeodomain(HOM)-containing proteins from a wide spectrum of animals to create an evolutionary classification of the proteins. Results: Based on results of statistical and special computational analyses of over 500 homeodomain aa sequences (HOMs) a novel system of concepts describing complex structural correlations between homologous proteins is proposed. This system includes such notions as differentiated isofunctionality of aa, chemotype, stereotype, local functional motifs, gradual conservativeness of aa positions, and group-specific domain patterns, as well as major categories of the evolutionary classification of HOMs (Division, Type, Branch, Class, Family, Series, Variety, Sort). Using this approach, a complete structural systematics of HOMs belonging to proteomes of eukaryotic animals is proposed. Conclusions: The proposed structural classification of HOMs is in full agreement with the bulk of experimental data revealing complex functional similarities and differences among HOMs in terms of their expression patterns in developing embryos. It turn, this classification can provide answers regarding homology among homeodomains when experimental data are conflicting.     

支气管动脉灌注化疗栓塞术治疗肺癌的护理

目的　探讨预防及减少肺癌患者行支气管动脉灌注化疗栓塞 (BAE)术后并发症的有效护理方法 ,提高其生活质量。方法　对 2 0 0 2年 2月～ 2 0 0 3年 8月 2 0例行BAE的原发性肺癌患者进行术后观察和护理。结论　术前充分合理的准备、术中对化疗药物充分混匀、控制注射速度、术后正确拨管、动态观察局部血运等能有效预防BAE所致胸痛、出血及脊髓损伤等并发症的发生。对局部化疗药物副反应引起恶心呕吐 ,脊髓抑制等现象 ,应严格执行无菌操作 ,采取保护性隔离措施 ,可增强患者机体抵抗力 ,提高生存质量。     

Practice variation in perioperative antibiotic use in Japan.

OBJECTIVE: Under the fee-for-service system, the overuse and misuse of perioperative antibiotics have become serious concerns in Japan. The objective of the present study is to investigate practice variations of perioperative antimicrobial prophylaxis between and within hospitals, and to identify any opportunities for improvement. METHODS: We polled 319 surgeons in six specialties employed by 11 teaching hospitals in Japan. We developed questionnaires with vignettes, asking physicians about their practice of antimicrobial prophylaxis in six surgical procedures (gastrectomy, hysterectomy, cataract surgery, clipping of cerebral aneurysm, hip fracture surgery, and coronary artery bypass graft) and utilization of institutional clinical pathways. RESULTS: Average durations of prophylaxis varied by procedure, from 1.6 days for cataract surgery to 5.8 days for clipping surgery. Variation was also observed between institutions for the same procedure, e.g. institutional averages for the duration of prophylaxis for gastrectomy ranged from 2.3 to 7 days. Large intra-institutional variation in prophylaxis duration and inconsistent use of clinical pathways were observed in the cases of gastrectomy, hip fracture surgery, and clipping surgery. At one hospital, 20% of physicians performing gastrectomy indicated the use of an institutional clinical pathway, and prophylaxis duration ranged from 3 to 6 days. For cataract surgery and hysterectomy, clinical pathways were universally applied and intra-institutional practice variation was small, yet prophylaxis duration varied widely between hospitals and third-generation cephalosporins were used extensively. Average length of prophylaxis for hysterectomy ranged from 1.8 to 6 days and 43% of respondents prescribed third-generation cephalosporins. CONCLUSIONS: In Japan, perioperative antimicrobial prophylaxis lacks standardization. Efforts to strengthen an evidence-based approach to antimicrobial prophylaxis need to be made a priority at both the national and institutional levels.     

第一产程异常胎心监护图形与新生儿结局的关系

目的　探讨第一产程异常胎心监护图形与新生儿结局的关系。方法　回顾分析 2 0 0 2年 8月至 2 0 0 3年 6月在我院足月单胎头位分娩产妇 ,第一产程中胎心率 (FHR)异常图形 2 1 7例 (观察组 )和FHR正常图形的2 6 9例 (对照组 )的临床资料。结果　第一产程异常FHR图形的发生率为 4 4 7% ,常见类型为轻度变异减速(6 4 5 % )、基线变异减弱 (2 1 6 % )和轻度心动过速 (1 2 0 % )。晚期减速、基线变异减弱和重度变异减速是导致新生儿窒息的危险因素。观察组羊水过少 (5 1 % )、脐带缠绕 (2 2 6 % )、羊水粪染 (1 0 6 % )、新生儿窒息 (6 5 % )、新生儿转入NICU(1 0 1 % )的发生率和剖宫产率 (31 8% )明显高于对照组 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　第一产程异常FHR图形的发生率较高 ,其中晚期减速、基线变异减弱、重度变异减速与新生儿窒息的发生相关 ,其他图形可在严密监护下继续试产     

护理专科生实习前心理健康状况及其影响因素分析

目的探索实习前护理专科生的心理健康状况与应对方式、社会支持的相关性及其影响因素,为护生心理咨询和实习前的岗前培训提供参考。方法采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)、简易应对方式量表(SCSQ)、领悟社会支持量表(PSSS)和自行设计的调查问卷对200名实习前护生进行调查。结果护生主要心理问题为强迫、人际关系敏感、抑郁和焦虑等。护生心理健康状况与社会支持、应对方式呈显著相关;经单因素Logistic回归分析,对专业不满意等10个变量与心理问题有关,经多因素Logistic回归分析,有4个变量进入回归模型。结论应加强实习前心理健康教育,重点加强应对技能训练和岗前培训。     

Changes in practice of breast cancer radiotherapy 1998–2002: An Australasian survey

In order to assess the impact on radiation oncology practice of the publication of evidence-based guidelines for technical aspects of therapeutic radiation for breast cancer, the Radiation Oncology Expert Advisory Group of the National Breast Cancer Centre conducted two postal surveys of radiation oncologists practising in Australia and New Zealand. Results from a survey conducted in 1998, prior to distribution of the guidelines, have been published previously. This article reports on results from a survey undertaken in 2002 and contains data from 102 respondents who manage women with breast cancer. The results show several important changes in practice since 1998, including increased use of CT scanning in breast cancer treatment planning and increased use of immobilization devices for patient treatment. There is also evidence of increased attention to technical aspects of treatment planning that reduce the potential risk of treatment toxicity. The influence of the guidelines, the wider availability of modern equipment and results from landmark clinical trials on change in radiation therapy practice is discussed.     

症状性大脑中动脉缺血患者脑血管储备能力的CT灌注成像研究

目的采用5％CO2吸入CT灌注成像研究症状性大脑中动脉（MCA）缺血患者MCA分布区脑血管储备能力。资料与方法临床诊断为症状性MCA缺血且无心、肺疾病患者20例,基础态CT灌注成像TTP参数图显示有MCA供血区TTP延长。首先进行常规脑灌注CT检查（基础态）;20min后,面罩吸入5％CO2,持续吸入2min后再次行脑灌注CT检查（激发态）。感兴趣层面选择基底节层面和放射冠层面,层厚10mm。计算机后处理获得脑血流量（CBF）参数图后,于MCA分布区皮层多点手绘感兴趣区,分别计算双侧皮层CBF,计算双侧CBF变化率r=（CBF激发态-CBF基础态）／CBF基础态×100％;比较双侧激发后CBF改变,分析患侧MCA分布区脑血管储备能力。结果患侧MCA分布区皮层CBF明显低于健侧。健侧MCA分布区基础态和激发态CBF可见不同程度的改变：升高17例,降低3例。对17例激发后升高的患者进行分析,根据计算将患侧CO：激发反应分为：Ⅰ型,激发后CBF升高;Ⅱ型,激发后CBF变化不明显;Ⅲ型,激发后CBF降低。结论5％CO2吸入CT灌注成像激发试验可以评估脑血管储备能力,具有重要的临床价值。     

小型猪脂肪肝模型肝脏血流灌注的多层螺旋CT评价

目的采用多层螺旋CT（MSCT）灌注成像,探讨小型猪脂肪肝模型血流灌注状况。材料与方法实验组10头小型猪制备脂肪肝模型,同时设立3头小型猪为正常对照组。在0周、4周末、8周末分别进行肝脏CT灌注成像和肝穿刺病理活检,计算各项灌注参数。结果实验组4周末出现脂肪性肝炎、8周末出现脂肪性纤维化,对照组正常无脂肪肝。0周、4周末、8周末实验组的肝动脉灌注量（HAP）、门静脉灌注量（PVP）、总肝灌注量（THBF）均逐渐下降,分别为（28.00±11.42）、（19.30±9.12）、（17.52±16.29）ml·min^-1·100ml^-1,（79.58±21.78）、（41.87±28.41）、（22.84±13.44）ml·min^-1·100ml^-1,（107.58±25.70）、（61.17±31.87）、（40.37±17.19）ml·min^-1·100ml^-1,而肝动脉灌注指数上升（26.76±9.01）,（38.24±21.85）,（43.52±24.42）%,各组间差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。对照组0周、4周末、8周末HAP、PVP、THBF以及肝动脉灌注指数（HPI）组间差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,分别为（31.30±15.01）、（27.19±11.60）、（21.33±8.57）ml·min^-1·100ml^-1,（91.68±25.67）、（69.02±21.21）、（81.90±14.60）ml·min^-1·100ml^-1,（122.98±33.97）、（96.21±24.00）、（108.23±13.48）ml·min^-1·100ml^-1,（26.21±9.01）、（28.91±9.56）、（24.88±8.21）%。同期对比,除0周外,实验组与对照组各灌注参数两两比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论MSCT可以测量脂肪肝的血流灌注参数,与正常时期相比,小型猪脂肪肝的血流灌注参数发生了变化。     

新型双球囊导管经皮选择性隔离肝脏灌注化疗的效果研究

目的探讨自制双球囊导管经皮选择性隔离肝脏灌注化疗的隔离效果。方法12只成年猪随机分为两组：HAI组6头,进行常规经肝动脉灌注化疗;PSIHP组6头,利用自制双球囊导管经介入放射学方法行经皮选择性隔离肝脏灌注化疗结合血液灌流。化疗药物选用5-FU,分别检测肝静脉及外周血液中的血药浓度峰值,了解球囊隔离肝脏效果。结果HAI组肝静脉血和外周静脉血浓度峰值分别为4658.420±433.204mg/L和1676.140±226.933mg/L,PSIHP组为5321.711±517.318mg/L和65.735±6.425mg/L。两组外周静脉血浓度峰值有显著性差异（P〈0.01）。结论自制新型双球囊导管能有效隔离肝脏,是一种理想的隔离肝脏灌注化疗的球囊导管。     

并有糖调节受损的代谢综合征中医辨证分型风险因素临床研究

目的:观察并有糖调节受损(IGR)的代谢综合征(MS)中医痰热互结证和气阴两虚证型相关危险因素.方法:通过“十一五”国家科技支撑计划中医药项目调查的北京、山东、辽宁等地符合西医及中医证型诊断的并有IGR的MS 353例患者,收集年龄、性别、体重指数(body mass index,BMI)、腰围(waist cincumference,WC)、收缩压(systolic blood pressure,SBP)、舒张压(diastolic blood pressure,DBP)、总胆同醇(total cholesterol,TC)、甘油三酯(triglyceride,TG)、高密度脂蛋白(high density lipoprotein,HDL)、低密度脂蛋白(low density lipoprotein,LDI)、空腹血糖(fasting plasma glucose,FPG)、餐后2h血糖(2 hours plasma glucose,postprandial blood glucose;2 hPG,PBG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)等主要指标进行分析.结果:①痰热互结证型患者BMI,WC高于气阴两虚组(P＜0.05);②痰热互结证的PBG高于气阴两虚组(P＜0.05);③血压与并有IGR的MS中医辨证分型无相关性;④痰热互结证的LDL高于气阴两虚组(P＜0.05).结论:BMI,WC,PBG,LDL是并有IGR的MS痰热互结证的危险因素,临床治疗中要重视化痰清热法.