Electronic Public Health Registry of Extensively Drug-Resistant Organisms,Illinois, USA

In response to clusters of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) in Illinois, USA, the Illinois Department of Public Health and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Chicago Prevention Epicenter launched a statewide Web-based registry designed for bidirectional data exchange among health care facilities. CRE occurrences are entered and searchable in the system, enabling interfacility communication of patient information. For rapid notification of facilities, admission feeds are automated. During the first 12 months of implementation (November 1, 2013–October 31, 2014), 1,557 CRE reports (≈4.3/day) were submitted from 115 acute care hospitals, 5 long-term acute care hospitals, 46 long-term care facilities, and 7 reference laboratories. Guided by a state and local public health task force of infection prevention specialists and microbiologists and a nonprofit informatics entity, Illinois Department of Public Health deployed a statewide registry of extensively drug-resistant organisms. The legal, technical, and collaborative underpinnings of the system enable rapid incorporation of other emerging organisms.     

Buruli Ulcer in Traveler from Suriname,South America,to the Netherlands

We report Buruli ulcer in a man in the Netherlands. Phenotyping of samples indicate the Buruli pathogen was acquired in Suriname and activated by trauma on return to the Netherlands. Awareness of this disease by clinicians in non–Buruli ulcer–endemic areas is critical for identification.     

Microbiota That Affect Risk for Shigellosis in Children in Low-Income Countries

Pathogens in the gastrointestinal tract exist within a vast population of microbes. We examined associations between pathogens and composition of gut microbiota as they relate to Shigella spp./enteroinvasive Escherichia coli infection. We analyzed 3,035 stool specimens (1,735 nondiarrheal and 1,300 moderate-to-severe diarrheal) from the Global Enteric Multicenter Study for 9 enteropathogens. Diarrheal specimens had a higher number of enteropathogens (diarrheal mean 1.4, nondiarrheal mean 0.95; p<0.0001). Rotavirus showed a negative association with Shigella spp. in cases of diarrhea (odds ratio 0.31, 95% CI 0.17–0.55) and had a large combined effect on moderate-to-severe diarrhea (odds ratio 29, 95% CI 3.8–220). In 4 Lactobacillus taxa identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, the association between pathogen and disease was decreased, which is consistent with the possibility that Lactobacillus spp. are protective against Shigella spp.–induced diarrhea. Bacterial diversity of gut microbiota was associated with diarrhea status, not high levels of the Shigella spp. ipaH gene.     

Evaluating Epidemiology and Improving Surveillance of Infections Associated with Health Care,United States

The Healthcare-Associated Infections Community Interface (HAIC), launched in 2009, is the newest major activity of the Emerging Infections Program. The HAIC activity addresses population- and laboratory-based surveillance for Clostridium difficile infections, candidemia, and multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacilli. Other activities include special projects: the multistate Healthcare-Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Use Prevalence Survey and projects that evaluate new approaches for improving surveillance. The HAIC activity has provided information about the epidemiology and adverse health outcomes of health care–associated infections and antimicrobial drug use in the United States and informs efforts to improve patient safety through prevention of these infections.     

Enteric Bacteria Isolated from Diarrheal Patients in Korea in 2014

Objectives

The aim of this study was to characterize the pathogens responsible for causing diarrhea according to season, region of isolation, patient age, and sex as well as to provide useful data for the prevention of diarrheal disease.

Methods

Stool specimens from 14,886 patients with diarrhea were collected to identify pathogenic bacteria from January 2014 to December 2014 in Korea. A total of 3,526 pathogenic bacteria were isolated and analyzed according to season, region of isolation, and the age and sex of the patient.

Results

The breakdown of the isolated pathogenic bacteria were as follows: Salmonella spp. 476 (13.5%), pathogenic Escherichia coli 777 (22.0%), Vibrio parahaemolyticus 26 (0.74%), Shigella spp. 13 (0.37%), Campylobacter spp. 215 (6.10%), Clostridium perfringens 508 (14.4%), Staphylococcus aureus 1,144 (32.4%), Bacillus cereus 356 (10.1%), Listeria monocytogenes 1 (0.03%), and Yersinia enterocolitica 10 (0.3%). The isolation rate trend showed the highest ratio in the summer season from June to September for most of the pathogenic bacteria except the Gram-positive bacteria. The isolation rate of most of the pathogenic bacteria by patient age showed highest ratio in the 0–19 year age range. For isolation rate by region, 56.2% were isolated from cities and 43.8% were isolated from provinces.

Conclusion

Hygiene education should be addressed for diarrheal disease-susceptible groups, such as those younger than 10 years, aged 10–19 years, and older than 70 years, and monitoring for the pathogens is still required. In addition, an efficient laboratory surveillance system for infection control should be continued.     

紫外线在杀菌中诱导形成细菌L型的初步观察

用紫外线对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌进行不同时间照射后,未被杀死的细菌可形成L型细菌。在研究中观察与测定了所形成的细菌L型在形态、生化反应与返祖现象等方面的特点。     

526株临床感染病原菌的耐药性监测分析

目的监测福鼎市医院2005年度临床感染病原菌的耐药状况，为本地区医院感染的流行病学调查及临床合理用药提供依据。方法应用回顾性统计分析2005年度本院各临床标本中分离的病原菌对常用抗生素的耐药情况。结果共分离出病原菌526株，其中革兰阴性杆菌265株，占50．4％；真菌130株，占24．7％；革兰阳性球菌115株，占21．9％。各菌属对常用抗生素的耐药率有差异，大肠杆菌对呋喃妥因的耐药率最低为11％；克雷伯菌属对氧氟沙星的耐药率最低为31％；假单胞菌属对环丙沙星的耐药率最低为40％；不动杆菌属对头孢他啶的耐药率最低为32％；肠杆菌属对呋喃妥因的耐药率最低为29％。未发现耐万古霉素的葡萄球菌，呋喃妥因对葡萄球菌有较好的抗菌活性。结论临床常见病原菌对常用抗菌药物呈高耐药率，且有逐年增高的趋势，医院应重视细菌耐药性监测，合理使用和控制滥用抗生素。     

医学临床实验室环境细菌污染调查分析

目的调查本院临床实验室工作环境的卫生状况,使实验室工作人员应用《消毒技术规范》对环境清洁与消毒。方法采用回顾性分析的方法,对2007年本院临床实验室不同区域的空气、物体表面、消毒液、工作人员手等标本按《医院消毒卫生标准》要求监测的结果进行分析。结果984例监测标本545例超过标准,占55．39％;超标率最高为离心机,占88．89％、电话机占83．33％、其次为工作人员手占73．96％;临床体液实验室超标率最高,占65．15％、微生物实验室最低,占32．58％;菌株检出类别依次为革兰阳性球菌占45．19％,革兰阴性杆菌占29．79％（其中肠杆菌科占21．99％）,革兰阳性杆菌占14．49％,酵母样真菌占10．53％;从物体表面、工作人员手中分离出金黄色葡萄球菌67株、铜绿假单胞菌246株。结论本院临床实验室环境中的离心机和电话机的表面污染率最高,工作人员手污染严重。金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌存在于实验室中。实验室工作人员坚持日常清洁与消毒工作是环境保洁的重要环节,坚持手卫生是“标准预防”的重要措施。