Oxytocin increases bias,but not accuracy,in face recognition line-ups

Previous work indicates that intranasal inhalation of oxytocin improves face recognition skills, raising the possibility that it may be used in security settings. However, it is unclear whether oxytocin directly acts upon the core face-processing system itself or indirectly improves face recognition via affective or social salience mechanisms. In a double-blind procedure, 60 participants received either an oxytocin or placebo nasal spray before completing the One-in-Ten task—a standardized test of unfamiliar face recognition containing target-present and target-absent line-ups. Participants in the oxytocin condition outperformed those in the placebo condition on target-present trials, yet were more likely to make false-positive errors on target-absent trials. Signal detection analyses indicated that oxytocin induced a more liberal response bias, rather than increasing accuracy per se. These findings support a social salience account of the effects of oxytocin on face recognition and indicate that oxytocin may impede face recognition in certain scenarios.     

婴儿面罩在超高龄气管切开脱机患者雾化中的效果观察

目的：探讨超高龄气管切开患者脱机期间雾化吸入的最佳方案。方法选择我科60例超高龄气管切开患者,脱机期间分为两组,试验组采用婴儿面罩雾化器,调氧流量6~8L/min,取面罩盖于气切口,调绑带松紧度并固定于患者颈部给予雾化吸入;对照组采用口含式雾化器。调氧流量6~8L/min给予雾化吸入。结果试验组用婴儿面罩雾化,湿化效果明显优于直接将雾化器连接在气管切开处,雾化不良反应明显减少,未发生药液倾倒。同时减轻护理工作量,提高患者满意度,差异有统计学意义(P<0．05)。结论应用婴儿面罩进行雾化治疗,能充分发挥湿化效果,减少患者对冷雾化气体的刺激反应,效果满意,值得推广。     

Community use of face masks and similar barriers to prevent respiratory illness such as COVID-19: a rapid scoping review

BackgroundEvidence for face-mask wearing in the community to protect against respiratory disease is unclear.AimTo assess effectiveness of wearing face masks in the community to prevent respiratory disease, and recommend improvements to this evidence base.MethodsWe systematically searched Scopus, Embase and MEDLINE for studies evaluating respiratory disease incidence after face-mask wearing (or not). Narrative synthesis and random-effects meta-analysis of attack rates for primary and secondary prevention were performed, subgrouped by design, setting, face barrier type, and who wore the mask. Preferred outcome was influenza-like illness. Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) quality assessment was undertaken and evidence base deficits described.Results33 studies (12 randomised control trials (RCTs)) were included. Mask wearing reduced primary infection by 6% (odds ratio (OR): 0.94; 95% CI: 0.75–1.19 for RCTs) to 61% (OR: 0.85; 95% CI: 0.32–2.27; OR: 0.39; 95% CI: 0.18–0.84 and OR: 0.61; 95% CI: 0.45–0.85 for cohort, case–control and cross-sectional studies respectively). RCTs suggested lowest secondary attack rates when both well and ill household members wore masks (OR: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.48–1.37). While RCTs might underestimate effects due to poor compliance and controls wearing masks, observational studies likely overestimate effects, as mask wearing might be associated with other risk-averse behaviours. GRADE was low or very low quality.ConclusionWearing face masks may reduce primary respiratory infection risk, probably by 6–15%. It is important to balance evidence from RCTs and observational studies when their conclusions widely differ and both are at risk of significant bias. COVID-19-specific studies are required.     

“卧”的姿势、时位与禁忌文献研究

养生之诀,以卧为先。通过从"卧"的姿势、时位以及禁忌归纳整理古代养生文献,发现古人所言睡方,应以侧卧为宜,面生气之位而居,四时应晨起于寅卯时,夜卧于戌亥时;卧须有向包括:恒东而卧——万物以生,东西而卧——调补阴阳,四向而卧——以应四季,依季而卧——顺时针卧;卧的禁忌包括:趋避不良环境(勿卧窗脊下,卧处勿当风,卧勿对炉灯),趋避不当行为(卧须闭口,不可言语;卧勿覆首,旦须暖腹;卧勿饱食,亦不可久;卧勿湿头,脚踏勿高)。以此为方,才能获得健康的睡眠,达到养生延寿的效果。     

口内上颌前方牵引器治疗安氏Ⅲ类错[牙合]的临床研究

目的应用口内上颌前方牵引器辅助治疗安氏Ⅲ类错[牙合]畸形,并与传统的面具式上颌前方牵引进行对比,以探讨口内前方牵引器在安氏Ⅲ类患者早期矫形治疗中的作用。方法选择20名安氏Ⅲ类患者,首先戴用上颌扩弓器以周期性扩缩方式行快速扩弓7周,然后将患者分为2组。组1（10人）戴用牙支持式口内前方牵引器直至前牙反[牙合]解除,继以夜间戴用面具式前方牵引;组2（10人）直接戴用上颌前方牵引面具,要求每天至少戴用14小时。平均观察10个月。结果两组患者治疗后ANB和覆盖均有明显改善,且口内前方牵引器治疗组较单纯面具式前方牵引组改善程度为著（P〈0．05）。反[牙合]解除时间组1（平均2．3个月）较组2（平均7．8个月）显著为快（P〈0．001）。结论辅助应用口内前方牵引器能有效地矫形治疗骨性安氏Ⅲ类错[牙合]。     

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目的 探讨应用面神经分支转位吻合修复面神经分支缺损的疗效.方法 选择2005年10月至2010年9月濮阳市油田总医院口腔科收治的外伤性面神经损伤患者27例(损伤神经32支).应用携带肌筋膜的上颊支吻合颧支远心断端,颈支吻合下颌缘支远心断端.结果 术后1个月受损神经功能恢复达到2级以上10支,占31％;术后6个月达到2级及以上30支,占96.8％.结论 携带肌筋膜的面神经转位吻合修复面神经颧支、下颌缘支缺损神经,是一种有效的面神经功能重建的手术方法.     

Acquired self‐control of insula cortex modulates emotion recognition and brain network connectivity in schizophrenia

Real‐time functional magnetic resonance imaging (rtfMRI) is a novel technique that has allowed subjects to achieve self‐regulation of circumscribed brain regions. Despite its anticipated therapeutic benefits, there is no report on successful application of this technique in psychiatric populations. The objectives of the present study were to train schizophrenia patients to achieve volitional control of bilateral anterior insula cortex on multiple days, and to explore the effect of learned self‐regulation on face emotion recognition (an extensively studied deficit in schizophrenia) and on brain network connectivity. Nine patients with schizophrenia were trained to regulate the hemodynamic response in bilateral anterior insula with contingent rtfMRI neurofeedback, through a 2‐weeks training. At the end of the training stage, patients performed a face emotion recognition task to explore behavioral effects of learned self‐regulation. A learning effect in self‐regulation was found for bilateral anterior insula, which persisted through the training. Following successful self‐regulation, patients recognized disgust faces more accurately and happy faces less accurately. Improvements in disgust recognition were correlated with levels of self‐activation of right insula. RtfMRI training led to an increase in the number of the incoming and outgoing effective connections of the anterior insula. This study shows for the first time that patients with schizophrenia can learn volitional brain regulation by rtfMRI feedback training leading to changes in the perception of emotions and modulations of the brain network connectivity. These findings open the door for further studies of rtfMRI in severely ill psychiatric populations, and possible therapeutic applications. Hum Brain Mapp, 2013. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Age-related differences in spontaneous trait judgments from facial appearance

We tested whether there are age-related declines in detecting cues to trustworthiness, a skill that has been demonstrated to be rapid and automatic in younger adults. Young (M_age = 21.2 years) and older (M_age = 70.15 years) adults made criminal appearance judgments to unfamiliar faces, which were presented at a duration of 100, 500 or 1,000 ms. Participants’ response times and judgment confidence were recorded. Older were poorer than young adults at judging trustworthiness at 100 ms, and were slower overall in making their judgments. Further, the cues (i.e. perceptions of anger, trustworthiness and happiness) underlying criminality judgments were the same across age groups. Judgment confidence increased with increasing exposure duration for both age groups, while older adults were less confident in their judgments overall than their young counterparts. The implications are discussed.