Human perceptual decision making: Disentangling task onset and stimulus onset

The left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (ldlPFC) has been highlighted as a key actor in human perceptual decision‐making (PDM): It is theorized to support decision‐formation independently of stimulus type or motor response. PDM studies however generally confound stimulus onset and task onset: when the to‐be‐recognized stimulus is presented, subjects know that a stimulus is shown and can set up processing resources—even when they do not know which stimulus is shown. We hypothesized that the ldlPFC might be involved in task preparation rather than decision‐formation. To test this, we asked participants to report whether sequences of noisy images contained a face or a house within an experimental design that decorrelates stimulus and task onset. Decision‐related processes should yield a sustained response during the task, whereas preparation‐related areas should yield transient responses at its beginning. The results show that the brain activation pattern at task onset is strikingly similar to that observed in previous PDM studies. In particular, they contradict the idea that ldlPFC forms an abstract decision and suggest instead that its activation reflects preparation for the upcoming task. We further investigated the role of the fusiform face areas and parahippocampal place areas which are thought to be face and house detectors, respectively, that feed their signals to higher level decision areas. The response patterns within these areas suggest that this interpretation is unlikely and that the decisions about the presence of a face or a house in a noisy image might instead already be computed within these areas without requiring higher‐order areas. Hum Brain Mapp 35:3170–3187, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Diagnosing skin rejection in vascularized composite allotransplantation: advances and challenges

Refinements in microsurgical techniques coupled with advances in immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory protocols have enabled broader clinical application of vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA) with encouraging immunological, functional, and esthetic results. However, skin rejection remains a significant obstacle and a serious complication for VCA recipients. Clinical and histopathological features of rejection in VCA have been described in a number of studies, which led to the development of an international consensus on the classification guidelines of rejection in the context of VCA. Nevertheless, currently available diagnostic modalities still have several limitations and shortcomings that can pose a significant diagnostic challenge, particularly when signs of rejection are found to be equivocal. In this review, we provide a critical analysis of these advances and challenges in diagnosing skin rejection. Specifically, we highlight the gaps in understanding of rejection mechanisms, the shortfalls in correlating cellular, molecular, and clinicopathologic markers with rejection grades, deficiencies in defining chronic rejection, and antibody‐mediated rejection after VCA, as well as providing an outlook on novel concepts, such as the utilization of advanced computational analyses and cross‐disciplinary diagnostic approaches.     

Infants’ recognition of their mothers’ faces in facial drawings

This study examined the development of ability to recognize familiar face in drawings in infants aged 6–8 months. In Experiment 1, we investigated infants’ recognition of their mothers’ faces by testing their visual preference for their mother’s face over a stranger’s face under three conditions: photographs, cartoons produced by online software that simplifies and enhances the contours of facial features of line drawings, and veridical line drawings. We found that 7- and 8-month-old infants showed a significant preference for their mother’s face in photographs and cartoons, but not in veridical line drawings. In contrast, 6-month-old infants preferred their mother’s face only in photographs. In Experiment 2, we investigated a visual preference for an upright face over an inverted face for cartoons and veridical line drawings in 6- to 8-month-old infants, finding that infants aged older than 6 months showed the inversion effect in face preference in both cartoons and veridical line drawings. Our results imply that the ability to utilize the enhanced information of a face to recognize familiar faces may develop aged around 7 months of age.     

新疆伊犁哈萨克族成人头面部形态特征

文题释义： 头面部：头面部形态学特征的形成与遗传、环境因素有关。遗传因素、环境因素、营养水平影响着人的头面部发育,饮食成分、营养状况、环境因素会对头面部皮肤、皮下脂肪、弹力纤维的发育产生一定影响,也会影响头面部细胞生理功能。 容貌：头面部各个部位的形态特征的有机组合形成了人的容貌,容貌是进行个人识别的主要依据,而不同民族或种族之间常具有一定的差异。 背景：哈萨克族主要居住在新疆西北部的伊犁哈萨克自治州,其中约80%的哈萨克族分布在伊犁、塔城和阿勒泰地区。为了更全面地了解哈萨克族的体质特征,在新疆伊犁巩留县吉尔格郎乡对20-86岁之间的哈萨克族进行了活体观察和头面部的测量。 目的：了解新疆伊犁哈萨克族成人头面部形态特征。 方法：按照《人体测量手册》规定的方法,在新疆伊犁巩留县吉尔格郎乡测量了422例(男219例,女203例)哈萨克族成年人31项头面部指标,并计算了12项头面部体质指数。 结果与结论：①哈萨克族人群上眼睑皱褶出现率为92.7%;蒙古褶(内眦褶)现率为9.9%;铲型和平型门齿出现率分别为6.6%和93.4%;凸型、凹型和直型鼻梁出现率分别为7.8%、36.5%和55.7%;斜型、纵型和横型鼻孔出现率分别为69.5%、20.8%和9.7%;凸型和非凸型下颏类型出现率分别为68.2%和31.8%;有耳垂型和无耳垂型出现率分别为96.7%和3.3%;有额头发际和无额头发际的出现率为72%和28%;直发和卷发的出现率分别为99.1%和0.9%。②哈萨克族男性多属于圆头型、特圆头型(81.7%;52.5%)、高头型(93.6%)、狭头型(84%)、特狭鼻型(98.2%)、超阔面型(74%);哈萨克族女性多属于圆头型、特圆头型(76.4%;55.7%)、高头型(97%)、狭头型(84%)、特狭鼻型(98.2%)、超阔面型(74%)。③哈萨克族成人具有蒙古人种北亚类型头面部特征。ORCID: 0000-0002-9692-7585(努尔买买提•巴哈夏尔) 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程     

Bone Modeling Patterns and Morphometric Craniofacial Variation in Individuals From Two Prehistoric Human Populations From Argentina

Native human populations from South America display high levels of craniofacial variation encompassing gracile and robust skulls. Nevertheless, the processes of bone modeling by which morphological variation among populations were attained, remain poorly understood. Here we analyze the relationship between patterns of bone formation and resorption and morphometric variation in the upper face of adults belonging to farmers and hunter‐gatherers from northwestern and south Argentina. Our analyses reveal a common pattern of bone modeling of the malar bone characterized by the presence of formation areas. Thus, the larger size and greater development of malar bone exhibited by hunter‐gatherers would be linked to a greater magnitude of bone formation activity. Conversely, the glabella and the superciliary arch presented both formation and resorption areas with a variable distribution among individuals. In the extreme corresponding to more robust morphologies, the great development of the glabella is related to the presence of large formation fields, both in the upper region and toward the frontonasal suture. The less robust morphologies show resorption fields at the upper margin of the glabella, which would contribute to the weaker development of this region. The superciliary arch showed a complex relationship between its morphometric and histological variation; the individuals located at both extremes of the shape space presented large resorption areas located on its upper margin. Overall, our results show the existence of intraspecific variation in the patterns of bone modeling in the human upper face. Anat Rec, 297:1829–1838, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

自制无创面罩垫对面型瘦小患者无创正压通气的改善作用及预后效果的影响

目的研究自制无创面罩垫对面型瘦小患者无创正压通气的改善作用及预后效果影响。方法选取2016年2月至2018年2月于佛山市第五人民医院接受无创正压通气治疗的面型瘦小患者80例,以随机抽签法分成实验组与对照组,各40例。对照组予以传统呼吸机面罩行无创正压通气,实验组在对照组的基础上加用自制无创面罩垫行无创正压通气。比较两组治疗前后血气分析指标水平、舒适度情况、面罩漏气、破损情况、压疮发生率、满意度情况。结果治疗后实验组PaO2水平显著高于对照组,而PaCO2水平显著低于对照组,实验组患者的舒适度显著高于对照组,实验组患者面罩漏气、破损情况及压疮发生率均显著低于对照组,实验组满意度显著高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论自制无创面罩垫应用于无创正压通气治疗的面型瘦小患者中效果明显,有利于改善患者的血气分析状况,缓解传统呼吸机面罩所造成的不适症状,同时有利于降低面罩漏气、破损以及压疮发生风险,提高满意度。     

Recycling of Waste Facial Masks as a Construction Material,a Step towards Sustainability

Amid the COVID-19 pandemic, a sudden surge in the production and utilization of disposable, single-use facial masks has been observed. Delinquency in proper disposal of used facial masks endangers the environment with a new form of non-biodegradable plastic waste that will take hundreds of years to break down. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the resourceful recycling of such waste in an environmentally friendly way. This study presents an efficient solution by using waste masks in fibered or crushed form to produce environmentally friendly and affordable green concrete. This investigation assessed the mechanical and durability properties of waste masks-incorporated concrete. A total of six mixes were prepared for standardized tests to determine compressive strength, split cylinder tensile strength and rapid chloride penetration test (RCPT), and freeze-thaw resistance. The percentage of mask fibers used were 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2% of concrete by volume, while crushed masks were used at 0.5% only. The mask waste in both forms was found suitable to be used in concrete. One percent of waste mask fibers was found as an optimum value to increase compressive and tensile strength, reduce chloride permeability, and increase freeze-thaw resistance. Besides this, 0.5% crushed mask fiber also performed well, especially for producing less permeable and highly durable concrete. It is thus corroborated that waste masks that increase pollution worldwide can be utilized sustainably to help build green buildings. By reutilizing waste masks to produce improved concrete with better strengths and higher durability, circular economy and sustainability are achieved, along with efficient waste management.     

A型肉毒毒素注射治疗上面部动态皱纹的疗效观察

目的 探讨使用A型肉毒毒素注射治疗上面部动态皱纹的临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析自2018年4月至2020年4月在上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院眼科采用A型肉毒毒素注射治疗上面部动态皱纹40例患者的临床资料,采用多点注射A型肉毒毒素,1.0～4.0 U/点.随访6个月,观察治疗效果、并发症,并进行患者满意度评价.结果 上面...     

个性化自体脂肪移植在面部年轻化中的应用效果

目的 探讨自体脂肪移植在重塑面部轮廓,提升面部饱满度以及改善皮肤质地等方面的效果.方法 自2016年1月至2019年12月,大连瑞和医疗美容门诊部和大连大学附属新华医院对149例患者采用自体脂肪移植的方法,首选抽取腹部或大腿内外侧脂肪,将脂肪静置沉淀、漂洗、离心提纯后移植于额部、颞部、颧部、泪沟、面颊、鼻唇沟、颏部等面...     

Ultrasound Imaging of the Facial Muscles and Relevance with Botulinum Toxin Injections: A Pictorial Essay and Narrative Review

High-resolution ultrasound is preferred as the first-line imaging modality for evaluation of superficial soft tissues, such as the facial muscles. In contrast to magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography, which require specifically designated planes (axial, coronal and sagittal) for imaging, the ultrasound transducer can be navigated based on the alignment of facial muscles. Botulinum toxin injections are widely used in facial cosmetic procedures in recent times. Ultrasonography is recognized as a useful tool for pre-procedure localization of target muscles. In this pictorial review, we discuss the detailed sonoanatomy of facial muscles and their clinical relevance, particularly with regard to botulinum toxin injections. Furthermore, we have summarized the findings of clinical studies that report ultrasonographic imaging of facial muscles.