The effect of salbutamol on mood in normal subjects

The beta-2-adrenoceptor agonist salbutamol, widely used in the treatment of asthma, is thought to have antidepressant activity and possibly an abuse liability. In order to examine the mood-altering potential of this drug, a placebocontrolled, double-blind crossover trial was conducted in 21 psychiatrically normal subjects. The Profile of Mood States (POMS) was used to assess mood at baseline, after six weeks of placebo and salbutamol treatment (in either order), and after a four-week washout period in between treatments. The results showed little difference between treatments, apart from a tendency for salbutamol to worsen subjective mood relative to placebo during the first treatment phase only. In conclusion, the blinded, placebo-controlled administration of salbutamol gives no evidence of mood-elevating or addictive properties in psychiatrically normal individuals.     

Drug preference and mood in humans: Repeated assessment of d-amphetamine

Ten normal human volunteers participated in 3 identical choice experiments comparing 5 mg d-amphetamine and placebo. Each experiment consisted of 9 sessions. During the first 4 sessions of each experiment, subjects received alternatively drug or placebo. During the next 5 sessions, they were given a choice between amphetamine and placebo. Subjective effects were assessed using the Profile of Mood States (POMS) before drug was taken and 1, 3 and 6 hrs later. Subjects chose amphetamine an average of 4.0, 3.2 and 2.1 times out of 5 during each of the three experiments, in that order. Compared to placebo, amphetamine produced changes in mood as measured by the POMS including increased Vigor, Elation, Arousal and Positive Mood. Mood changes produced by amphetamine were similar across all three experiments despite the decrease in drug preference, suggesting the independence of these two measures. The results are discussed in terms of developing methods for predicting the abuse potential of psychotropic drugs.     

Drug preference and mood in humans: Diazepam

A group of ten normal human volunteers participated in choice experiments comparing d-amphetamine or diazepam with placebo and with each other. Although amphetamine was preferred to placebo by most subjects, 2 mg diazepam and placebo were chosen equally. However, placebo was chosen over higher doses (5 and 10 mg) of diazepam and 5 mg d-amphetamine was preferred to 2 mg diazepam. Subjective effects were assessed using the Profile of Mood States (POMS) before drug was taken and 1, 3, and 6 h later. Compared to placebo, amphetamine produced changes in mood on the POMS including increases in Vigor and Arousal. Doses of 5 and 10 mg diazepam produced decreases in Vigor and Arousal and increases in Fatigue and Confusion. The effects of diazepam were most pronounced 1 h after ingestion and appeared dose-dependent. For one subject who consistently chose diazepam, its subjective effects were similar to placebo and he stated that he could not distinguish them. These results are discussed in terms of the abuse liability of diazepam.Portions of these data have been previously reported in a chapter entitled Drug Self-Administration in Humans by the same authors which appeared in Self-Administration of Abused Substances: Methods for Study. National Institute on Drug Abuse. Research Monograph Series, No. 20, pp. 68–85 (1978)     

Reinforcing properties of lorazepam in normal volunteers

These experiments were designed to test the positive reinforcing property of a benzodiazepine in normal volunteer subjects. A choice procedure was used to measure preference for lorazepam, a benzodiazepine with a relatively short plasma half-life, over placebo. In separate experiments, subjects were given a choice between three doses of lorazepam (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg, p.o.) and placebo, and in a fourth experiment subjects were given a choice between lorazepam (1.0 mg) and a therapeutically equipotent dose of diazepam (5 mg). Subjective effects of the drugs were monitored using an experimental version of the Profile of Mood States and a shortened version of the Addiction Research Center Inventory. Subjects showed no preference for 0.5 mg lorazepam over placebo (49% drug choice) or for 1.0 mg lorazepam over diazepam (46% lorazepam choice). However, subjects preferred placebo to both 1.0 and 2.0 mg lorazepam (32% and 16% drug choice for 1.0 and 2.0 mg, respectively). Subjective effects were consistent with the drug's known sedative and anxiolytic properties. Relative to diazepam, lorazepam had a longer duration of effect than might be expected from its plasma half-life. Differences in the pharmacokinetic properties of the two drugs account for the results. The results showed that lorazepam is not an effective positive reinforcer in these subjects, suggesting that it also does not have high dependence potential in this population.     

28小时完全睡眠剥夺对机体神经行为功能的影响

目的 探讨28h完全睡眠剥夺对机体神经行为功能的影响.方法 采用自身前后对照设计,对18名健康大学生进行28h的睡眠剥夺,受试者每隔4h进行一次情绪状态、反应时和瞬时记忆的测试.结果 所有5项消极情绪分值都增加,其中紧张焦虑(F＝2.83,P＝0.042)、抑郁沮丧(F＝3.36,P=0.035)、疲劳惰性(F＝4.7...     

Weight loss is coupled with improvements to affective state in obese participants engaged in behavior change therapy based on incremental, self-selected “Small Changes”

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a group behavior change intervention involving self-selected, contextualized, and mediated goal setting on anthropometric, affective, and dietary markers of health. It was hypothesized that the intervention would elicit changes consistent with accepted health recommendations for obese individuals. A rolling program of 12-week “Small Changes” interventions during 24 months recruited 71 participants; each program accommodated 10 to 13 adults (body mass index [BMI] ≥30 kg/m²). Fifty-eight participants completed Small Changes. Repeated measures were made at baseline, 6 and 12 weeks. Anthropometric measures included height and weight (to calculate BMI), body composition, waist circumference, and blood pressure. Affective state was monitored using relevant validated questionnaires. Dietary assessment used 3-day household measures food diaries with Schofield equations to monitor underreporting. Relevant blood measures were recorded throughout. Across the measurement period, Small Changes elicited a significant reduction in body weight (baseline, 102.95 ± 15.47 vs 12 weeks 100.09 ± 16.01 kg, P < .0005), coupled with associated significant improvements in BMI, body fat percentage, and waist circumference measures. There were additional significant positive changes in measures of affective state including general well-being (baseline, 58.92 ± 21.22 vs 12 weeks 78.04 ± 14.60, P < .0005) and total mood disturbance (baseline, 31.19 ± 34.03 vs 12 weeks 2.67 ± 24.96, P < .0005). Dietary changes that occurred were largely consistent with evidenced-based recommendations for weight management and included significant reductions in total energy intake and in fat and saturated fat as a proportion of energy. The Small Changes approach can elicit a range of health-orientated benefits for obese participants, and although further work is needed to ascertain the longevity of such effects, the outcomes from Small Changes are likely to help inform health professionals when framing the future of weight management. Long-term follow-up of Small Changes is warranted.     

Relations between psychometric profiles and cardiovascular autonomic regulation in physical education students

This study was designed to investigate physical education (PE) students the link between mood disturbances, caused by psychological or physical stressors associated with studying, and the autonomic nervous system modifications. PE students completed the profile of mood state (POMS) questionnaire at the end of the university year. Heart rate variability (HRV) was then measured during a head-up tilt test (HUT) in those with the highest and lowest total mood disturbance (TMD) scores on three successive POMS. Among the 218 students who completed the POMS (85 female and 137 male), 65 had high TMD scores, suggesting mood disturbances and fatigue. The final sample included 12 subjects in the potentially overtrained (POT) group and 16 subjects in the control (CTL) group. A greater decrease of two indices of the autonomic system (SD1 and RMSSD) was observed during the HUT in the POT than in the CTL group (P < 0.05). The depression (Dep) and vigor (Vig) subscales of POMS were correlated with several HRV indices. More specifically, in the POT group, the Vig score was correlated with autonomous activity in the supine position, and the Dep score with percentages of change of sympatho-vagal activity during the HUT. This suggests that (1) POT students could present a weaker autonomic response to HUT, (2) Dep and Vig subscales of the POMS questionnaire may indicate autonomic dysregulations.     

西安市成年人的情绪状态和睡眠质量及其关系

目的:了解西安市成年人情绪状态和睡眠质量的特点及其关系。方法:采用简明心境量表(POMS)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)、匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表(PSQI)对西安市603名成年人进行问卷调查。结果:1女性的愤怒情绪(t=2.641,P0.01)和抑郁情绪(t=3.910,P0.001)比男性严重,男性的自尊感比女性强(t=-2.649,P0.01);青年人精力比中年人旺盛(t=2.899,P0.01),青年人比中年人容易产生紧张情绪(t=3.298,P0.01)和疲劳情绪(t=3.850,P0.001),但是中年人的抑郁情绪比青年人严重(t=-2.040,P0.05);2本研究中近一半的成年人出现睡眠障碍。女性的睡眠质量比男性差,具体表现为女性在主观睡眠时间(t=2.580,P0.01)、睡眠潜伏期(t=3.900,P0.001)、睡眠效率(t=3.460,P0.01)和总分(t=1.490,P0.001)上得分显著高于男性。白天功能紊乱因子上青年人得分显著高于中年人(t=3.530,P0.01);3紧张、愤怒、疲劳、压抑、抑郁与主观睡眠质量、睡眠潜伏期、睡眠紊乱、白天功能紊乱和PSQI总分呈正相关关系;精力与主观睡眠质量、睡眠潜伏期、睡眠紊乱、白天功能紊乱和PSQI总分呈负相关,自尊感与主观睡眠质量、睡眠持续性、睡眠紊乱、白天功能紊乱和PSQI正相关。结论:西安市成年人情绪状态均低于我国常模,近半数人群的睡眠质量较差。睡眠质量差可能与负性情绪较多、正性情绪较少有关。     

A systematic review of off-label uses of memantine for psychiatric disorders

Recent data points to glutamatergic dysfunction in mood disorders, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and schizophrenia. Memantine, a drug approved by the FDA for the treatment of moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease that acts at the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor, has been used off-label for various psychiatric disorders. Although promising, the available data for the use of memantine in these disorders is limited. Given this data, the routine use of memantine for depression, schizophrenia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, substance abuse, pervasive developmental disorders, bipolar disorder, and binge eating disorder cannot be recommended at this time.