温度和湿度对黄绿青霉菌生长和产毒的影响

目的在实验室内观察温度和湿度对黄绿青霉菌（PCV）生长情况和产毒的影响。方法用察氏培养基培养黄绿青霉菌,使用真菌培养箱控制温度和湿度,观察黄绿青霉菌在温度和湿度其生长情况,提取产生的黄绿青霉毒素（CIT）,用高效液相色谱法检测CIT毒素含量。结果温度从10℃,20℃到30℃,黄绿青霉菌生长情况逐步变好（H=12.869,P=0.002）,湿度从0.40、0.60升高到0.80,黄绿青霉菌生长情况亦逐步好转（H=11.715,P=0.003）;黄绿青霉菌在温度为10℃、20℃、30℃以及在湿度为0.40、0.60、0.80的条件下均可产毒,产毒量为3.02～5.98 mg。温度对PCV产毒没有影响（F=2.843,P=0.071）,湿度对PCV产毒有影响（F=130.252,P〈0.000 1）,温度和湿度对PCV产毒有交互作用（F=3.184,P=0.024）。结论温度和湿度的提高有利于黄绿青霉菌的生长;温度对黄绿青霉菌产毒影响较小,湿度对黄绿青霉菌产毒影响较大,湿度的提高有利于产毒;温度和湿度对PCV产毒有交互作用,提高温度和湿度可明显提高产毒量。     

Monensin potentiates lead chelation efficacy of MiADMSA in rat brain post chronic lead exposure

The present study evaluates combination therapy with a chelating agent, MiADMSA and a Na⁺ ionophore, monensin against sub-chronic lead toxicity in rats. Animals were exposed to 0.1% lead in drinking water for 16 weeks and then treated with either MiADMSA at 50 mg/kg body weight, or monensin at 10 mg/kg, or both in combination for a period of 5 days was administered. Biomarkers indicative of oxidative stress like ROS, GSH, GSSG and TBARS demonstrated lead-induced toxic manifestations in blood, kidney and brain. Antioxidants like SOD, catalase and glutathione peroxidase along with specific lead biomarker, blood ALAD were also severely depleted in lead intoxicated animals. Serum parameters and histopathological findings supported the said results. MiADMSA treatment during both mono- and combination therapy with monensin, restored the antioxidant status and recovered biochemical and haematological variables due to lead. However, monensin alone was not found to be effective in the given scenario. Interestingly, combination therapy in its ability to revert lead-induced overall systemic toxicity was only found at par with the MiADMSA monotherapy except for its chelation potential. Monensin given in combination with MiADMSA potentiated its lead chelation ability especially from brain, along with maintaining the normal copper concentrations in the organ unlike MiADMSA monotherapy.     

Issues in pneumococcal disease and pneumococcal conjugate vaccines: Highlights of the 27th meeting of ESPID,Brussels, Belgium,June 9–13, 2009

The 27th annual meeting of the European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases (ESPID), held in Brussels, Belgium, addressed serious bacterial infections. The scientific program included international experts who provided insights into and discussions on the epidemiology, diagnosis, prevention, treatment, and clinical presentation of important pediatric infectious diseases. This conference report offers highlights of presentations addressing pneumococcal disease and pneumococcal conjugate vaccines.     

Early impact of PCV7/PCV13 sequential introduction to the national pediatric immunization plan,on adult invasive pneumococcal disease: A nationwide surveillance study

BackgroundPCV7 was introduced as a universal childhood vaccination in Israel on July 2009 and was gradually replaced by PCV13 from November 2010. We report data on adult invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD), two years post PCV13 implementation.MethodsAn ongoing nationwide active surveillance (all 27 laboratories performing blood/CSF cultures nationwide), initiated in 2009, providing all blood/CSF Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from persons ≥18 years. Capture-recapture method assured reporting of >95% cases. All isolates were serotyped in one central laboratory. Medical history and outcomes were recorded in ∼90%.ResultsOf 1809 IPD episodes, S. pneumoniae was isolated from the blood in 95% and most cases had pneumonia. Predisposing comorbidities were present in >70%. During the four study years, overall IPD incidence decreased from 9.2 to 7.2/100,000, incidence of pneumonia and particularly severe pneumonia cases decreased significantly from 6.6 to 4.7/100,000, (p = 0.029). Vaccine type (VT7/VT13) serotypes decreased by 70%/57% within 4 years. This was accompanied by a 52% increase in non-VT13 strains. These changes were most apparent in winter. PCV impact was most pronounced in younger adults (39% decrease in overall IPD with only a non-significant increase in non-VT13 cases) while in those >65 years a non-significant decrease in overall IPD was observed with a 64% increase in non-VT13 cases. Non-VT13 serotypes that increased significantly were 12F, 15A 10A and 6 C. A continuous reduction in isolates with penicillin MIC > 0.06 μg/ml was observed (26% to 11%, p < 0.001).ConclusionsFour years after PCV7 and 2.5 years after PCV13 universal implementation in children, incidence of adult IPD caused by VT7 and VT13 decreased in all ages, mainly in younger adults. Despite increase in non-VT13 IPD, overall IPD decreased. Additional follow-up is needed to determine the long-term impact of PCV13.     

Molecular classification of anaplastic oligodendroglioma using next-generation sequencing: a report of the prospective randomized EORTC Brain Tumor Group 26951 phase III trial

Background

Histopathological diagnosis of diffuse gliomas is subject to interobserver variation and correlates modestly with major prognostic and predictive molecular abnormalities. We investigated a series of patients with locally diagnosed anaplastic oligodendroglial tumors included in the EORTC phase III trial 26951 on procarbazine/lomustine/vincristine (PCV) chemotherapy to explore the diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive value of targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) in diffuse glioma and to assess the prognostic impact of FUBP1 and CIC mutations.

Methods

Mostly formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples were tested with targeted NGS for mutations in ATRX, TP53, IDH1, IDH2, CIC, FUBP1, PI3KC, TERT, EGFR, H3F3A, BRAF, PTEN, and NOTCH and for copy number alterations of chromosomes 1p, 19q, 10q, and 7. TERT mutations were also assessed, with PCR.

Results

Material was available from 139 cases, in 6 of which results were uninformative. One hundred twenty-six tumors could be classified: 20 as type II (IDH mutation [mut], “astrocytoma”), 49 as type I (1p/19q codeletion, “oligodendroglioma”), 55 as type III (7+/10q– or TERTmut and 1p/19q intact, “glioblastoma”), and 2 as childhood glioblastoma (H3F3Amut), leaving 7 unclassified (total 91% classified). Molecular classification was of clear prognostic significance and correlated better with outcome than did classical histopathology. In 1p/19q codeleted tumors, outcome was not affected by CIC and FUBP1 mutations. MGMT promoter methylation remained the most predictive factor for survival benefit of PCV chemotherapy.

Conclusion

Targeted NGS allows a clinically relevant classification of diffuse glioma into groups with very different outcomes. The diagnosis of diffuse glioma should be primarily based on a molecular classification, with the histopathological grade added to it. Future discussion should primarily aim at establishing the minimum requirements for molecular classification of diffuse glioma.     

Persistent serotype 3 and 19A invasive pneumococcal diseases in adults in vaccine era: Serotype-dependent difference in ceftriaxone susceptibility

BackgroundInvasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality in children and elderly populations. Serotype distribution and antibiotic susceptibility of IPD isolates are changing with the implementation of pneumococcal vaccination and increasing antibiotic use worldwide. We aimed to determine serotype distribution, antibiogram, and molecular epidemiology of pneumococci in the late stage of PCV13 era.MethodsProspective multicenter IPD surveillance study was conducted for adults aged ≥ 19 years from July 2019 to June 2021. Clinical and epidemiologic data were collected. In addition, antibiotic susceptibility test, serotype identification and multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) was taken for pneumococcal isolates.ResultsA total of 160 IPD cases were collected with mean age of 65.1 years (male, 72.5%). Serotyping was taken for 116 available pneumococcal isolates. PCV13 and PPSV23 serotypes were 32.8% (n = 38) and 56.0% (n = 65), respectively. Serotype 3 (13.8%) and 19A (9.5%) were the most common causative agents of IPD, followed by serogroup 11 (6.9%), 23A (6.9%), 10A (4.3%), and 15B (4.3%). Notably, 32.5% of invasive pneumococcal isolates were non-susceptible to ceftriaxone. Serotypes 11A, 11E and 19A pneumococci showed high ceftriaxone non-susceptible rate (80%, 100% and 81.8% respectively), and they were related to sequence type (ST) 166 and ST320. In comparison, most serotype 3 isolates were ceftriaxone susceptible and related to ST180.ConclusionsPCV serotypes, especially 3 and 19A, are still prevalent in adult IPDs, suggesting that individual PCV13 immunization would be necessary for the elderly people and chronically ill patients. Ceftriaxone non-susceptible rate was remarkably high in invasive pneumococcal isolates.     

Early impact of sequential introduction of 7-valent and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on IPD in Israeli children <5 years: An active prospective nationwide surveillance

BackgroundThe 7-valent pneumococcal conjugated vaccine (PCV7) was introduced to the Israeli national immunization plan (NIP) in July 2009 (administered at age 2, 4 and 12 months), with a fast reduction of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) caused by PCV7 serotypes. Starting in November 2010, PCV13 gradually replaced PCV7.AimTo report the impact of PCV7/PCV13 sequential introduction on IPD in Israeli children <5 years.MethodsAn ongoing nationwide, prospective, population-based, active surveillance. All IPD episodes (Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from blood and/or cerebrospinal fluid) from July 2004 through June 2013 were included.ResultsOverall, 2670 IPD episodes were recorded. Incidence of IPD caused by PCV7 + 6A serotypes during the PCV13 period vs. pre-PCV period decreased by 95% (Incidence Rate Ratio [IRR] = 0.05; 95% CI = 0.03–0.09). This reduction was observed in a two-step manner: 90% in the PCV7-period and further 5% in the PCV13-period. The rates of IPD caused by the 5 additional PCV13-serotypes (1, 3, 5, 7F, 19A; 5VT) increased initially by 47%, but subsequently decreased by 79%, resulting in an overall 70% reduction during the entire study period (IRR = 0.30; 0.21–0.44). A two-fold increase in non-PCV13 serotypes IPD was observed (IRR = 2.43; 1.73–3.66). In total, a 63% reduction of all-serotype IPD episodes was observed in children <5 years (69% and 48% in children <2 and 2–4 years old, respectively).ConclusionsAfter initiation of PCV NIP, a rapid and substantial 2-step IPD reduction was observed in children <5 years. The serotype-specific rate reduction reflected the sequential introduction of PCV7/PCV13.     

Phylogenetic and genetic variation analyses of porcine circovirus type 2 isolated from China

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV 2) is a causative agent of PCV 2‐associated disease, which is a growing problem in the swine industry worldwide. High nucleotide substitution occurs in the capsid (Cap) gene of PCV 2, which allows the continuous evolution and the emergence of novel PCV 2 strains. In this study, we sequenced 24 Chinese PCV 2 strains collected from healthy and diseased pigs between 2013 and 2015. Analyses of the genome, Cap and phylogeny classified the 24 Chinese PCV 2 strains as PCV ‐2a (four of 24), PCV ‐2b (five of 24) and PCV ‐2d (15 of 24). All strains shared 89.5%–100% and 87.2%–100% identities with the nucleotide and amino acid (aa) sequences of Cap, respectively. Selection pressure analysis showed that five sites at the epitope regions in Cap were under positive selection. Further analysis by Jameson–Wolf antigenic index indicated that aa substitutions occurring at the epitope regions contributed to the antigenic alterations of the different PCV 2 strains. High genetic variation and genotype shift to PCV 2d occurred in recent years, and different genotypes coexisted in Chinese pig herds. The data provide evidence for the increased genetic diversity and insights into the molecular epidemiology of PCV 2.     

Role of carbon dioxide angiography in management of below knee arterial lesions

Introduction

Many practitioners express concern about the adequacy of imaging using CO₂ in the lower extremities, particularly in the distribution of the popliteal artery and below (5). Published results have varied considerably with respect to the validity of imaging this anatomy.

Objectives

Review our experience with CO₂ angiography using CO₂ angioset in evaluation and intervention of below knee arteries.

Patients and methods

Forty patients with lower limb ischemia were divided into two groups. The 1st group has normal kidney function, subjected to angiography with CO₂ and water soluble contrast media (WSCM) as the reference standard (control). The 2nd group has subjected only to CO₂ angiography due to one or more risk factors related to WSCM. CO₂ angioset is a dedicated CO₂ injection system used in all patients. In the 1st group; imaging findings on CO₂ and WSCM angiography were compared while in the 2nd group; findings were compared with the post procedure clinical and color Doppler findings.

Results

All arterial lesions detected on CO₂ angiography were comparable to those obtained with WSCM in the control group. In the 2nd group; post procedure clinical and Doppler findings correlated well with angiographic findings and angioplasty results. CO₂ angiography images have lower resolution compared to WSCM however, they were reliable for accurate diagnosis and to guide angioplasty.

Conclusion

CO₂ angiography using CO₂ angioset is considered a reliable alternate to WSCM in assessment of below knee arteries and provides a reliable roadmap to interventional procedures.