Endonasal Ethmoidectomy and Bifrontal Craniotomy with Craniofacial Approach for Resection of Frontoethmoidal Osteoma Causing Tension Pneumocephalus

Tension pneumocephalus is an unusual, potentially life-threatening complication of frontal fossa tumors. We present an uncommon case of a frontoethmoidal osteoma causing a tension pneumocephalus and neurological deterioration prompting a combined endonasal ethmoidectomy and bifrontal craniotomy with craniofacial approach for resection. A 68-year-old man presented with a 1-week history of worsening headache, slowness of speech, and increasing confusion. Standard computed tomography scan revealed a marked tension pneumocephalus with ventricular air and 1-cm midline shift to the right. Further studies showed a calcified left ethmoid mass and a left anterior cranial-base defect. A team composed of neurosurgery and otolaryngology performed a combined endonasal ethmoidectomy and bifrontal craniotomy with craniofacial approach to resect a large frontoethmoid bony tumor. No abscess or mucocele was identified. The skull base defect was repaired with the aid of a transnasal endoscopy, a titanium mesh, and a pedunculated pericranial flap. Postoperatively, the pneumocephalus and the patient's symptoms completely resolved. Pathology was consistent with a benign osteoma. This is an uncommon case of a frontoethmoidal osteoma associated with tension pneumocephalus. Recognition of this entity and timely diagnosis and treatment, consisting of an endonasal ethmoidectomy and a bifrontal craniotomy with craniofacial approach, may prevent potential life-threatening complications.     

Neonatal intracranial aneurysms: Case report and review of the literature

Neonatal intracranial aneurysms are rare. The authors report a 1‐month‐old male who presented with focal seizure. Computed tomography scan demonstrated a right frontoparietal intraparenchymal haematoma. A distal right middle cerebral artery aneurysm of 1 cm in diameter was identified intraoperatively and excised. The patient had no neurological deficit at 15 months postoperation. There are only 22 cases of neonatal intracranial aneurysms reported in the literature. Intraparenchymal haematoma is present in 56% of the cases. Distal middle cerebral artery aneurysms account for 35% of the aneurysms. Considering the rareness of neonatal intracranial aneurysms, non‐invasive imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance angiography and computed tomography angiography are the first choice for neonates with intracranial haemorrhage.     

多点锥颅治疗高血压性脑出血

目的 探讨多点锥颅抽吸引流治疗高血压性脑出血的疗效。方法 根据CT不同的出血量采用不同数量的靶点在局麻下进行锥颅抽吸、尿激酶灌注冲洗引流治疗高血压性脑出血67例。结果 住院死亡22例（32.8%）,其中4例术后3 d内由于脑干功能衰竭死亡,12例术后合并肺部感染、上消化道出血死亡,6例术后血肿扩大、改行开颅术后死亡。余45例随访10～12个月,以ADL为疗效指标,1级5例,2级9例,3级14例,4级8例,5级3例;随访期间死亡6例,其中2例死于颅内再次出血,3例合并肺部感染死亡,1例死因不明。结论 多点锥颅治疗高血压性脑出血,效果满意,尤其适用于出血量较大或年老体弱不能适于开颅手术者。     

颅脑损伤后发生脑积水的危险因素分析

目的 探讨颅脑损伤后发生脑积水的危险因素。方法 回顾性分析2011年1月至2015年12月收治的380例颅脑损伤的临床资料,其中行去骨瓣减压术62例;采用多因素Logistic回归分析检验危险因素。结果 380例颅脑损伤中,继发脑积水63例,多因素Logistic回归分析显示术前GCS评分≤8分,蛛网膜下腔出血,硬脑膜下积液及去骨瓣减压术是发生脑积水的独立危险因素（P<0.05）。62例去骨瓣减压术中,发生脑积水20例,多因素Logistic回归分析显示双侧去骨瓣减压术,骨窗面积较大及二次手术是去骨板减压术后发生脑积水的独立危险因素（P<0.05）。结论 颅脑损伤后昏迷程度,蛛网膜下腔出血,双侧去骨瓣减压术,二次手术等均为发生脑积水的危险因素。     

锁孔开颅术治疗三叉神经痛型桥小脑角区胆脂瘤

目的探讨采用锁孔开颅术处理三叉神经痛型桥小脑角区胆脂瘤的临床体会。方法回顾性总结35例三叉神经痛型桥小脑角区胆脂瘤患者诊治经过,所有患者采用经枕下乙状窦后锁孔开颅技术,并将30例常规开颅术组设为对照组,对其显微外科治疗方法、疗效及并发症进行对比分析。结果锁孔组35例患者均经MR确诊,术后三叉神经痛症状均消失,其中33例术后症状立即消失,2例术后1个月内逐渐消失,肿瘤全切除25例,残留少量包膜的近全切除10例。锁孔组手术持续时间(126±48)min,而常规手术组手术持续时间(216±66)min(t=2.536,P0.05)。锁孔组术中出血量(91.3±52.2)m L,而常规组术中出血量(186.3±65.4)m L(t=2.163,P0.05)。术后面神经功能评估采用House-Brackmann分级系统,锁孔组Ⅰ级32例,Ⅱ级3例,2例合并听力下降者在术后3个月内逐渐改善,常规组Ⅰ级25例,Ⅱ级5例(χ~2=4.158,P0.05)。术后听力评估采用美国耳鼻喉头颈外科学会(AAO-HNS)分级法,锁孔组A级33例,B级2例,常规组A级27例,B级3例(χ~2=5.167,P0.05)。跟踪随访3个月至5年症状无复发,无手术死亡病例。结论经枕下乙状窦后应用锁孔开颅术治疗三叉神经痛型桥小脑角区胆脂瘤是安全有效的。     

Modified pterional craniotomy without “MacCarty keyhole”

Pterional craniotomy is one of the most widely used approaches in neurosurgery. The MacCarty keyhole has remained the preferred means of beginning the craniotomy to achieve a low access point; however, the bone opening may result in a residual defect and an aesthetically unpleasant depression in the periorbital area. We present our modification of the traditional technique. Instead of drilling the keyhole in the frontoperiorbital area, the classical location, we perform a 5 × 15 mm strip craniectomy at the lowest accessible point in the infratemporal fossa, corresponding to the projection of the most lateral point of the sphenoid ridge. The anterior half of this opening exposes the basal frontal dura, while the posterior half brings the temporal dura into view. This modified technique was applied in 48 pterional craniotomies performed for removal of a variety of neoplasms during 2014–2015. There were no approach-related complications. Aesthetic outcomes and patient acceptance have been good; no patient developed skin depression in the periorbital area. In our experience, craniotomy for a pterional approach with the lowest possible access to the frontotemporal skull base may be performed by drilling a narrow oblong opening, without the use of any keyhole or burr hole, to create a smaller skull defect and achieve optimal aesthetic outcomes.     

神经导航联合神经内镜治疗高血压脑出血50例临床分析

目的观察神经导航联合神经内镜治疗高血压脑出血的临床疗效。方法 132例高血压脑出血患者,应用神经导航联合神经内镜治疗高血压脑出血50例(神经内镜组)与常规开颅血肿清除术治疗高血压脑出血82例(常规手术组)临床资料进行回顾性分析,比较两组的手术时间、术中失血量、血肿清除率及术后6个月日常生活能力(ADL)。结果神经内镜组平均手术时间[(2.1±1.2)小时],明显短于常规手术组[(4.1±2.1)小时](P0.01)。平均失血量神经内镜组为(52.5±11.3)ml,常规手术组为(458.2±185.2)ml,两组比较差异有统计学意义(t=6.125,P0.01)。神经内镜组颅内血肿平均清除率[(94.8±5.2)%]明显高于常规手术组[(81.2±18.8)%](P0.05)。依据ADL分级法,神经内镜组预后优于常规手术组(P0.05)。结论神经导航联合神经内镜治疗高血压脑出血手术切口小,骨窗小,手术时间短,术中失血量少等优势。     

Hearing Improvement after Resection of a Large Jugular Foramen Schwannoma: Case Report

Although hearing improvement after surgery for small tumors of the cerebellopontine angle has been reported, the mechanism by which surgery leads to the improvement in hearing remains controversial. We report a patient who sought treatment for progressive tinnitus and hearing loss. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a large (5-cm) schwannoma in the cerebellopontine angle. At surgery the lesion was found to originate from rootlets of cranial nerve X at the jugular foramen. The patient underwent gross total resection of the tumor. Immediately after surgery, his hearing improved dramatically. We believe that our patient represents an example of hearing impairment at least in part referable to direct compression of the brainstem. Importantly, the patient''s hearing deficit was completely reversible. Some authors claim that surgery to preserve hearing may be contraindicated in patients with speech discrimination scores below 50%. However, when extrinsic brainstem compression may contribute to the cause of such a hearing decrement, postoperative improvement in hearing may be a reasonable expectation.     

Comparison of propofol/remifentanil and sevoflurane/remifentanil for maintenance of anaesthesia for elective intracranial surgery

Background. Propofol and sevoflurane are suitable agents formaintenance of anaesthesia during neurosurgical procedures.We have prospectively compared these agents in combination withthe short-acting opioid, remifentanil. Methods. Fifty unpremedicated patients undergoing elective craniotomyreceived remifentanil 1 µg kg^–1 followed by an infusioncommencing at 0.5 µg kg^–1 min^–1 reducing to0.25 µg kg^–1 min^–1 after craniotomy. Anaesthesiawas induced with propofol, and maintained with either a target-controlledinfusion of propofol, minimum target 2 µg ml^–1 orsevoflurane, initial concentration 2%_ET. Episodes of mean arterialpressure (MAP) more than 100 mm Hg or less than 60 mm Hg formore than 1 min were defined as hypertensive or hypotensiveevents, respectively. A surgical assessment of operating conditionsand times to spontaneous respiration, extubation, obey commandsand eye opening were recorded. Drug acquisition costs were calculated. Results. Twenty-four and twenty-six patients were assigned topropofol (Group P) and sevoflurane anaesthesia (Group S), respectively.The number of hypertensive events was comparable, whilst morehypotensive events were observed in Group S than in Group P(P=0.053, chi-squared test). As rescue therapy, more labetolol[45 (33) vs 76 (58) mg, P=0.073] and ephedrine [4.80 (2.21)vs 9.78 (5.59) mg, P=0.020] were used in Group S. Between groupdifferences in recovery times were small and clinically unimportant.The combined hourly acquisition costs of hypnotic, analgesic,and vasoactive drugs appeared to be lower in patients maintainedwith sevoflurane than with propofol. Conclusion. Propofol/remifentanil and sevoflurane/remifentanilboth provided satisfactory anaesthesia for intracranial surgery.     

眶上微骨窗入路显微手术切除鞍上脑膜瘤

目的 介绍经眶上微骨窗入路切除鞍上脑膜瘤的显微外科技术和经验.方法 经眉内小切口5例,经翼点入路16例,采用眶上约3.5 cm×2.5 cm小骨窗开颅,显微外科技术切除鞍上脑膜瘤21例,肿瘤最大径2.8～6.2 cm,回顾分析其临床资料.结果 所有肿瘤显露良好,Simpson Ⅰ级切除5例,Simpson Ⅱ级切除15例,Simpson Ⅲ级切除1例.无手术死亡及严重并发症,术前视力障碍患者术后均有不同程度改善.术后随访6个月至5年,平均3.8年,影像学上肿瘤残留1例.结论 眶上微骨窗入路可替代传统额下或翼点入路切除鞍上脑膜瘤并具有手术创伤小、术后恢复快等优点.