多奈哌齐合并奥氮平治疗以精神行为症状首发的阿尔茨海默病患者的临床研究

目的观察多奈哌齐合并不同剂量奥氮平对首发以精神行为症状（BPSD）就诊的阿尔茨海默病（AD）的疗效和不良反应。方法对70例以精神行为症状为首发的AD患者按随机数字表法分为多奈哌齐合并5mg奥氮平组和多奈哌齐合并10mg奥氮平组,每组35例。以神经精神科问卷（NPI）评定患者BPSD,以简易精神状态量表（MMSE）评估患者认知功能,并在4周和8周随访1次,并以不良反应量表（TESS）评估8周后的药物不良反应。结果两组8周后MMSE分值较治疗前明显增加,而NPI分值明显减少,差异均有统计学意义（均P＜0.05）,10mg组8周后的MMSE及NPI量表分值改变较5mg组更加明显（P＜0.05）。10mg组的嗜睡发生率较5mg组高,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）。结论多奈哌齐联合奥氮平10mg对治疗AD患者BPSD效果较好,能进一步改善其认知功能,但是在临床上应用应注意药物不良反应。     

Mental health care professionals' accounts of actions and responsibilities related to managing physical health among people with severe mental illness

Background

Life expectancy of people with severe mental illness (SMI) is greatly shortened compared to the general population, and despite extensive research, this issue is unsolved. Although it is widely recognised that people with SMI need support from health care services to manage health related issues, profound health inequalities exist within provision of health care. The aim of this study was to examine how mental health care professionals accounted for their actions and responsibilities related to managing physical health issues among people with SMI.

利培酮联合碳酸锂治疗分裂情感性精神病的疗效分析

目的分析利培酮联合碳酸锂治疗分裂情感性精神病的疗效。方法选取2013年4月~2015年1月我院收治的60例分裂情感性精神病患者,将其按照数字表法分为对照组(n=25)和治疗组(n=35),比较两组患者的治疗效果。结果治疗前后前后的抑郁、燥狂评分比较,P0.05,差异具有统计学意义;对照组患者不良反应的发生率20%高于治疗组的3%,P0.05,差异具有统计学意义。结论利培酮联合碳酸锂治疗分裂情感性精神病能有效的改善患者的抑郁和燥狂情绪。     

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Motor Cortex Activation in Schizophrenia

Previous fMRI studies of sensorimotor activation in schizophrenia have found in some cases hypoactivity, no difference, or hyperactivity when comparing patients with controls; similar disagreement exists in studies of motor laterality. In this multi-site fMRI study of a sensorimotor task in individuals with chronic schizophrenia and matched healthy controls, subjects responded with a right-handed finger press to an irregularly flashing visual checker board. The analysis includes eighty-five subjects with schizophrenia diagnosed according to the DSM-IV criteria and eighty-six healthy volunteer subjects. Voxel-wise statistical parametric maps were generated for each subject and analyzed for group differences; the percent Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent (BOLD) signal changes were also calculated over predefined anatomical regions of the primary sensory, motor, and visual cortex. Both healthy controls and subjects with schizophrenia showed strongly lateralized activation in the precentral gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus, and inferior parietal lobule, and strong activations in the visual cortex. There were no significant differences between subjects with schizophrenia and controls in this multi-site fMRI study. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in laterality found between healthy controls and schizophrenic subjects. This study can serve as a baseline measurement of schizophrenic dysfunction in other cognitive processes.

Graphical Abstract

相似文献   

Attempted auto-enucleation in two incarcerated young men with psychosis

Auto-enucleation is a sign of untreated psychosis. We describe two patients who presented with attempted auto-enucleation while being incarcerated. This is an observation two-case series of two young men who suffered untreated psychosis while being incarcerated. These young men showed severe self-inflicted ocular trauma during episodes of untreated psychosis. Injuries included orbital bone fracture and dehiscence of the lateral rectus in one patient and severe retinal hemorrhage and partial optic nerve avulsion in the second patient. Auto-enucleation is a severe symptom of untreated psychosis. This urgent finding can occur in a jail setting in which psychiatric care may be minimal.     

Nicotinic ligands as multifunctional agents for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders

The challenges associated with developing more effective treatments for neurologic and psychiatric illness such as Alzheimer’s disease and schizophrenia are considerable. Both the symptoms and the pathophysiology of these conditions are complex and poorly understood and the clinical presentations across different patients can be very heterogeneous. Moreover, it has become apparent that the reductionist approach to drug discovery for these illnesses that has dominated the field for decades (i.e., the development of highly selective compounds or other treatment modalities focused on a very specific pathophysiologic target) has not been widely successful. Accordingly, a variety of new strategies have emerged including the development of “multitarget-directed ligands” (MTDLs), the development and/or identification of compounds that exhibit “multifunctional” activity (e.g., pro-cognitive plus neuroprotective, pro-cognitive plus antipsychotic activity), “repurposing” strategies for existing compounds that have other clinical indications, and novel “adjunctive” treatment strategies that might enhance the efficacy of the currently available treatments. Interestingly, a variety of ligands at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) appear to have the potential to fulfill one or more of these desirable properties (i.e., multifunctional, repurposing, or adjunctive treatment potential). The purpose of this review (while not all-inclusive) is to provide an overview of a variety of nAChR ligands that demonstrate potential in these categories, particularly, “multifunctional” properties. Due to their densities in the mammalian brain and the amount of literature available, the review will focus on ligands of the high affinity α4β2 nAChR and the low affinity α7 nAChR.     

Chronic effects of cannabis on sensory gating

Chronic cannabis use has been associated with neurocognitive deficits, alterations in brain structure and function, and with psychosis. This study investigated the effects of chronic cannabis use on P50 sensory-gating in regular users, and explored the association between sensory gating, cannabis use history and the development of psychotic-like symptoms. Twenty controls and 21 regular cannabis users completed a P50 paired-click (S1 and S2) paradigm with an inter-pair interval of 9 s. The groups were compared on P50 amplitude to S1 and S2, P50 ratio (S2/S1) and P50 difference score (S1–S2). While cannabis users overall did not differ from controls on P50 measures, prolonged duration of regular use was associated with greater impairment in sensory gating as indexed by both P50 ratio and difference scores (including after controlling for tobacco use). Long-term cannabis users were found to have worse sensory gating ratios and difference scores compared to short-term users and controls. P50 metrics did not correlate significantly with any measure of psychotic-like symptoms in cannabis users. These results suggest that prolonged exposure to cannabis results in impaired P50 sensory-gating in long-term cannabis users. While it is possible that these deficits may have pre-dated cannabis use and reflect a vulnerability to cannabis use, their association with increasing years of cannabis use suggests that this is not the case. Impaired P50 sensory-gating ratios have also been reported in patients with schizophrenia and may indicate a similar underlying pathology.     

Concentrations plasmatiques des glutathions et leurs corrélations avec les caractéristiques cliniques et thérapeutiques des patients atteints de schizophrénie

IntroductionAltered glutathione systems (GSH) are suggested to participate in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. The purpose of this study was to determine the plasmatic glutathione levels of patients with schizophrenia compared to healthy controls and to examine their relationships with clinical and therapeutic features.MethodsIt was a case-control study carried out on 100 patients with schizophrenia according to DSM-IV-TR criteria and 95 healthy controls. All patients were assessed by Clinical Global Impressions-severity (CGI-severity) and Global Assessment of Functioning (EGF). Most of the patients (55%) were under first-generation antipsychotics. Plasmatic glutathione levels (total glutathione GSHt, reduced glutathione GSHr, oxidized glutathione GSSG) were determined by spectrophotometry.ResultsThe levels of GSHt and GSHr were significantly decreased in schizophrenic patients in comparison with the healthy controls. These reductions were noted to be more pronounced in the untreated patients. No correlation was observed between the GSH levels and the clinical subtypes of schizophrenia and EGF scores. Depending on the therapeutic status, there were no significant differences in the GSH levels. In addition, there was no correlation between the GSH levels and the daily dosage of the antipsychotic treatment.ConclusionOur results suggest that the observed changes are related to the physiopathology of schizophrenia rather than to the presence of neuroleptic treatment. These results provide support for further studies of the possible role of antioxidants as neuroprotective therapeutic strategies.     

Cigarette électronique chez les patients fumeurs présentant une pathologie psychotique. Revue de la littérature

ObjectivesThis systematic literature review focused on patients suffering from schizophrenia (SZ), psychotic disorders or mental illness (MI) including SZ. It was interested in data on prevalence of electronic cigarette (EC) use, patient perceptions and expectations, as well as caregivers’ attitudes towards the EC and its benefit in helping to stop or reduce smoking.MethodThe research was carried out on Medline for the period 2000–2020. Cross-sectional, case-control, prospective, randomized controlled studies and preliminary studies were included in this review.ResultsEC is widely used by MI patients with current and lifetime use from 7.4% to 28.6%. More specifically, patients with SZ and schizoaffective disorders observe current and lifetime use from 7% to 36%, respectively. Many reasons are given by patients for its use including the possibility of using it in places where smoking is prohibited, its lower toxicity compared to cigarettes for oneself and those around, its lower cost, and the help provided to reduce consumption.ConclusionEC is used by smokers with MI; several studies confirm the possibility for these smokers to reduce tobacco consumption through EC and without disturbing their mental state. However, its value in helping to quit smoking remains uncertain.     

Altered interhemispheric signal propagation in schizophrenia and depression

ObjectiveAltered interhemispheric connectivity is implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia (SCZ) and major depressive disorder (MDD) and may account for deficits in lateralized cognitive processes. We measured transcranial magnetic stimulation evoked interhemispheric signal propagation (ISP), a non-invasive measure of transcallosal connectivity, and hypothesized that the SCZ and MDD groups will have increased ISP compared to healthy controls.MethodsWe evaluated ISP over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in 34 patients with SCZ and 34 patients with MDD compared to 32 age and sex-matched healthy controls.ResultsISP was significantly increased in patients with SCZ and patients with MDD compared to healthy controls but did not differ between patient groups. There were no effects of antidepressant, antipsychotic, and benzodiazepine medications on ISP and our results remained unchanged after re-analysis with a region of interest method.ConclusionAltered ISP was found in both SCZ and MDD patient groups. This indicates that disruptions of interhemispheric signaling processes can be indexed with ISP across psychiatric populations.SignificanceThese findings enhance our knowledge of the physiological mechanisms of interhemispheric imbalances in SCZ and MDD, which may serve as potential treatment targets in future patients.