国产伊维菌素(Ivermectin)驱除犬钩虫、巴西日圆线虫、鼠蛲虫的效果

目的观察国产伊维菌素对犬钩虫、巴西日圆线虫、鼠蛲虫的驱虫效果。方法采用犬钩虫—狗、巴西日圆线虫—大鼠及鼠蛲虫—大鼠动物模型进行研究。结果单次口服０．０２５ｍｇ／ｋｇ伊维菌素对犬钩虫的虫卵减少率、驱虫率和治愈率高达１００％,服药后４８ｈ内排出９７％虫体;单次灌胃０．６２ｍｇ／ｋｇ对巴西日圆线虫的驱虫率达９９．１％,完全治愈剂量为１．１１ｍｇ／ｋｇ;单次灌胃２．０ｍｇ／ｋｇ对鼠蛲虫的驱虫率和治愈率均达１００％。结论国产伊维菌素具有剂量小、疗效高、作用快、副反应轻等特点,是一种有前途的驱线虫药     

Systemically dispersed innate IL-13–expressing cells in type 2 immunity

Type 2 immunity is a stereotyped host response to allergens and parasitic helminths that is sustained in large part by the cytokines IL-4 and IL-13. Recent advances have called attention to the contributions by innate cells in initiating adaptive immunity, including a novel lineage-negative population of cells that secretes IL-13 and IL-5 in response to the epithelial cytokines IL-25 and IL-33. Here, we use IL-4 and IL-13 reporter mice to track lineage-negative innate cells that arise during type 2 immunity or in response to IL-25 and IL-33 in vivo. Unexpectedly, lineage-negative IL-25 (and IL-33) responsive cells are widely distributed in tissues of the mouse and are particularly prevalent in mesenteric lymph nodes, spleen, and liver. These cells expand robustly in response to exogenous IL-25 or IL-33 and after infection with the helminth Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, and they are the major innate IL-13–expressing cells under these conditions. Activation of these cells using IL-25 is sufficient for worm clearance, even in the absence of adaptive immunity. Widely dispersed innate type 2 helper cells, which we designate Ih2 cells, play an integral role in type 2 immune responses.     

Vaccination of rats against the rodent hookworm <Emphasis Type="Italic">Nippostrongylus brasiliensis</Emphasis> with a recombinant superoxide dismutase fails to protect against infection

Anti-oxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD) protect cells from damage by oxygen radicals produced during respiration. There is also a substantial body of evidence that anti-oxidant enzymes facilitate the survival of parasitic helminths, including gastrointestinal nematodes, within the host. Superoxide dismutase has been shown to be released by a variety of parasitic helminths and may protect them from host mediated oxidative immune responses. As it may play a parasite protective role during infections SOD has been investigated as a vaccine candidate in a range of helminth parasites including Schistosoma mansoni, Acanthocheilonema viteae and Haemonchus contortus. Here, we sought to evaluate the protective potential of SOD against the rat hookworm Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, a commonly utilised laboratory infection, as a vaccination model. A cytosolic SOD from this parasite, with high sequence homology to a putative extracellular form of the enzyme was cloned and then expressed in bacteria. The resultant recombinant protein was assessed for enzyme activity and used to immunise rats prior to a single challenge infection with the parasite. No protection was observed and monitoring systemic and mucosal antibody responses and mast cell protease levels in superoxide dismutase vaccinated rats suggested that this recombinant SOD was only weakly immunogenic.     

Paracoccidioides brasiliensis in a liquid-based Papanicolaou test from a pregnant woman: report of a case

With the exception of Candida species, fungal organisms are rarely encountered in the Papanicolaou test and, when encountered, usually represent contaminants rather then infections. We present the case of a healthy 29-year-old pregnant female, gravida 1, para 0, who presented for her first prenatal visit at 12-week gestation and had many large fungal-like elements with a distinct budding pattern of multiple narrow-based buds resembling a "ship's-wheel" identified in her routine liquid-based Papanicolaou test. Based on its characteristic appearance in the Papanicolaou test and the hematoxylin and eosin, periodic acid Schiff and Gomori's methenamine silver stains performed on the cell block made from the residual sample, the fungus was diagnosed as "consistent with Paracoccidioides." This is the second reported case of Paracoccidioides presenting in a Papanicolaou test and shows that this organism may rarely involve the uterine cervix in the absence of clinical systemic disease.     

A case report and review of lymphocutaneous nocardiosis caused by Nocardia brasiliensis reported in China

Primary cutaneous nocardiosis caused by Nocardia brasiliensis is an uncommon disease. The present authors report a Chinese woman presented with lymphocutaneous nocardiosis caused by N. brasiliensis. The lesion begin with her right hand after an unknown insect sting and evolved rapidly and formed painful erythema and two subcutaneous nodules and abscesses on her right forearm in 5 days. N. brasiliensis was isolated from pustule and identified by gene sequencing. The patient received 2 weeks of combination therapy contained infusion of amoxilin potassioum clavinet and oral TMP/SMX and followed by a single therapy of oral TMP/SMX for 1 month and got a marked improvement. The present authors reviewed a case of lymphocutaneous nocardiosis caused by N. brasiliensis reported in China.     

Diagnosis of paracoccidioidomycosis by a dot blot assay using a recombinant Paracoccidioides brasiliensis p27 protein

A variety of immunological methods have proven useful for Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) diagnosis; however, they are often time consuming and many lack sensitivity and specificity, partially attributed to the use of crude antigens, which give cross reactivity. Until now, attempts to clone and express Paracoccidioides brasiliensis immunodominant antigens have presented difficulties of process and problems of cost. In an attempt to obtain a more rapid, sensitive, and specific test for PCM diagnosis, we subcloned the P. brasiliensis p27 gene and used the recombinant protein as the antigen in dot blot assays to evaluate its usefulness in paracoccidioidomicosis diagnosis. The development of an optimised procedure for p27 recombinant protein purification and production led to an easier and less expensive process than the one previously used in our laboratory and allowed the availability of enough purified protein for its evaluation as the antigen in the dot blot assays. In these assays, antibodies present in ten serum samples from seven patients with PCM recognised the recombinant protein showing a sensitivity of 100% with a specificity of 98%. These results confirm the value of the 27-kDa recombinant antigen in the serodiagnosis of paracoccidioidomycosis and that the dot blot format is an alternative to the immunoenzymatic assay procedure.     

Cerebriform colonies of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis isolated from nine-banded armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus) at room temperature

Twelve isolates of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis generated cerebriform colonies at room temperature on potato glucose agar slants (PDA). These isolates contained abundant chlamydospores and yeast-like cells and are a subset of the 65 isolates obtained from nine-banded armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus). They grew as a yeast form with typical multiple buddings at 37 degrees C on brain heart infusion agar supplemented with 1% glucose. After replating on PDA and culturing at room temperature for 2 months, the mutants appeared as cottonous colonies, which indicated that the morphological characteristics were unstable.     

Basophils produce IL-4 and accumulate in tissues after infection with a Th2-inducing parasite

Using mice in which the eGfp gene replaced the first exon of the Il4 gene (G4 mice), we examined production of interleukin (IL)-4 during infection by the intestinal nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Nb). Nb infection induced green fluorescent protein (GFP)pos cells that were FcepsilonRIpos, CD49bbright, c-kitneg, and Gr1neg. These cells had lobulated nuclei and granules characteristic of basophils. They were found mainly in the liver and lung, to a lesser degree in the spleen, but not in the lymph nodes. Although some liver basophils from naive mice express GFP, Nb infection enhanced GFP expression and increased the number of tissue basophils. Similar basophil GFP expression was found in infected Stat6-/- mice. Basophils did not increase in number in infected Rag2-/- mice; Rag2-/- mice reconstituted with CD4 T cells allowed significant basophil accumulation, indicating that CD4 T cells can direct both tissue migration of basophils and enhanced IL-4 production. IL-4 production was immunoglobulin independent and only partially dependent on IL-3. Thus, infection with a parasite that induces a "Th2-type response" resulted in accumulation of tissue basophils, and these cells, stimulated by a non-FcR cross-linking mechanism, are a principal source of in vivo IL-4 production.