Animal and human tissue Na,K-ATPase in normal and insulin-resistant states: regulation, behaviour and interpretative hypothesis on NEFA effects

The sodium(Na)- and potassium(K)-activated adenosine-triphosphatase (Na,K-ATPase) is a membrane enzyme that energizes the Na-pump by hydrolysing adenosine triphosphate and wasting energy as heat, so playing a role in thermogenesis and energy balance. Na,K-ATPase regulation by insulin is controversial; in tissue of hyperglycemic-hyperinsulinemic ob/ob mice, we reported a reduction, whereas in streptozotocin-treated hypoinsulinemic-diabetic Swiss and ob/ob mice we found an increased activity, which is against a genetic defect and suggests a regulation by hyperinsulinemia. In human adipose tissue from obese patients, Na,K-ATPase activity was reduced and negatively correlated with body mass index, oral glucose tolerance test-insulinemic area and blood pressure. We hypothesized that obesity is associated with tissue Na,K-ATPase reduction, apparently linked to hyperinsulinemia, which may repress or inactivate the enzyme, thus opposing thyroid hormones and influencing thermogenesis and obesity development. Insulin action on Na,K-ATPase, in vivo, might be mediated by the high level of non-esterified fatty acids, which are circulating enzyme inhibitors and increase in obesity, diabetes and hypertension. In this paper, we analyse animal and human tissue Na,K-ATPase, its level, and its regulation and behaviour in some hyperinsulinemic and insulin-resistant states; moreover, we discuss the link of the enzyme with non-esterified fatty acids and attempt to interpret and organize in a coherent view the whole body of the exhaustive literature on this complicated topic.     

A Gain‐of‐Function Mutation in NALCN in a Child with Intellectual Disability,Ataxia, and Arthrogryposis

NALCN and its homologues code for the ion channel responsible for half of background Na⁺‐leak conductance in vertebrate and invertebrate neurons. Recessive mutations in human NALCN cause intellectual disability (ID) with hypotonia. Here, we report a de novo heterozygous mutation in NALCN affecting a conserved residue (p.R1181Q) in a girl with ID, episodic and persistent ataxia, and arthrogryposis. Interestingly, her episodes of ataxia were abolished by the administration of acetazolamide, similar to the response observed in episodic ataxia associated with other ion channels. Introducing the analogous mutation in the Caenorhabditis elegans homologue nca‐1 induced a coiling locomotion phenotype, identical to that obtained with previously characterized C. elegans gain‐of‐function nca alleles, suggesting that p.R1181Q confers the same property to NALCN. This observation thus suggests that dominant mutations in NALCN can cause a neurodevelopmental phenotype that overlaps with, while being mostly distinct from that associated with recessive mutations in the same gene.     

心肾同治方对心力衰竭大鼠心功能的影响

目的：观察心肾同治方对心力衰竭大鼠心功能的影响。方法：60只大鼠制备为心力衰竭模型,随机平均分为心肾同治方低剂量组、中剂量、高剂量组,曲美他嗪组,模型组,假手术组。造模2周后对除假手术对照组之外的大鼠进行药物灌胃8周。分析两种ATP酶活性及浓度、琥珀酸脱氢酶（succinodehydrogenase,SDH）值以及血流动力学参数。结果：与模型组比较,假手术组心肌左室内压上升最大速率及左室收缩压值均有所上升,同时心肌左室内压下降最大速率及左室舒张压表现为显著下降。心肾同治方中剂量组、高剂量组的左室收缩压、左室舒张压、心肌左室内压上升最大速率、心肌左室内压下降最大速率相关指标均接近于曲美他嗪组和假手术组,其中以高剂量组的改善尤为明显。对大鼠中药干预治疗后,实验数据显示其心肌Na＋-K＋ATP酶及Ca2＋-Mg2＋ATP酶和SDH的活力指标低于假手术组相关指标,但较模型组大鼠的指标有明显的提升。随着中药心肾同治方剂量的增加,心肌Na＋-K＋ATP酶、Ca2＋-Mg2＋ATP酶、SDH活力也逐渐增强;心肾同治方高剂量与曲美他嗪干预大鼠后的指标数据基本趋同。结论：心肾同治方在改善大鼠心力衰竭及提高其心功能的过程中,主要机制为：增加心肌Na＋-K＋ATP酶及Ca2＋-Mg2＋ATP酶分泌,提升SDH活力,改善心力衰竭大鼠血流动力学参数。     

The diffusion and electrogenic components of the membrane potential of rabbit ventricle after long exposure to different Ko

In cardiac muscle the steady membrane potential (V_m) behaves as a K-electrode at extracellular K concentrations (K_o) above 10 mm [3, 13]. At lower concentrations the Goldman equation describes V_m reasonably well [13]. Such a curve fitting assumes: (a) concentration-independent permeability coefficients, (b) a constant intracellular potassium concentration (K_i), and (c) a passive distribution of chloride. Considering that K_i varies with K_o in rabbit ventricle [11] we tried to fit the V_m v. K_o relation to the Goldman equation using assumptions (a) and (c) together with the measured variation of K_i. We will present data suggesting that the NaK exchange ratio is not rigidly linked to the activity of the sodium pump.     

Peroxynitrite induced decrease in Na^＋, K^＋-ATPase activity is restored by taurine

AIM: Peroxynitrite (ONOO-) is a powerful oxidant shown to damage membranes. In the present study, the effect of taurine on changes of liver plasma membrane Na+, K+-ATPase induced by ONOO- was investigated. METHODS: Liver plasma membrane was exposed to ONOO-with or without taurine. Na+, K+-ATPase activity and lipid peroxidation as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels were measured. RESULTS: Different concentrations of ONOO- (100, 200, 500, and 1 000 μmol/L) were found to decrease liver plasma membrane Na+, K+-ATPase activity significantly. The depletion of enzyme activity was not concentration dependent. Effects of different concentrations of taurine on liver plasma membrane Na+, K+-ATPase activity were also measured. Taurine did not cause any increase in enzyme activity. When plasma membranes were treated with 200 μmol/L ONOO- with different concentrations of taurine, a restoring effect of taurine on enzyme activity was observed. TBARS levels were also measured and taurine was found to decrease the elevated values. CONCLUSION: Taurine is observed to act as an antioxidant of ONOO- to decrease lipid peroxidation and thus affect liver plasma membrane Na+, K+-ATPase by restoring its activity.     

Phlorizin: a review

The dihydrochalcone phlorizin is a natural product and dietary constituent found in a number of fruit trees. It has been used as a pharmaceutical and tool for physiology research for over 150 years. Phlorizin's principal pharmacological action is to produce renal glycosuria and block intestinal glucose absorption through inhibition of the sodium-glucose symporters located in the proximal renal tubule and mucosa of the small intestine.This review covers the role phlorizin has played in the history of diabetes mellitus and its use as an agent to understand fundamental concepts in renal physiology as well as summarizes the physiology of cellular glucose transport and the pathophysiology of renal glycosuria. It reviews the biology and pathobiology of glucose transporters and discusses the medical botany of phlorizin and the potential effects of plant flavonoids, such as phlorizin, on human metabolism. Lastly, it describes the clinical pharmacology and toxicology of phlorizin, including investigational uses of phlorizin and phlorizin analogs in the treatment of diabetes, obesity, and stress hyperglycemia.     

细胞钙转运系统研究进展*

钙离子是重要的细胞信号分子。胞内和胞外、胞浆和细胞器之间的Ca2+转运都依赖于钙转运系统的精确调控。钙转运系统包括钙泵、钙通道、Na+/Ca2+交换体及膜结构域,如质膜的PMCA、NCX、VGCC、LGCC和TRP通道;内质网膜的SERCA、IP3Rs和RyRs等;线粒体的MCU和NCLX;内溶酶体的TPCs;联结质膜和内质网膜的CRAC通路;联结内质网膜和线粒体膜的MAM结构域等。本文对定位于质膜、内质网和线粒体的钙转运系统的种类、功能、组织分布、相关疾病以及抑制剂作综述。     

钙通道和Na+/H+交换在表皮生长因子促肝癌细胞生长中的作用

目的许多生长因子如表皮生长因子(EGF),与肿瘤的发生密切相关.EGF与表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)结合,通过一系列的信息传导,导致肝癌细胞的增生.但受体后的信息传导机制尚不清楚.本实验探讨酪氨酸激酶、蛋白激酶C、Na+/H+交换、钙调蛋白和电压依赖性钙通道在EGF促肝癌细胞生长中的作用.方法本研究于无血清RPMI1640中培养肝癌细胞SMMC7721,采用3H-Thymidine(3H-TdR)掺入的方法,检测肝癌细胞DNA合成速率,研究酪氨酸激酶、蛋白激酶C、Na+/H+交换、钙调蛋白和电压依赖性钙通道在EGF促肝癌细脆生长中的作用.结果EGF 10-9M对肝癌细脆的生长有极显著促进作用,与对照组比较差异有显著意义(P＜0.05),酪氮酸激酶阻滞剂Genistein对EGF的促肝癌细胞生长作用具有极显著抑制作用(P＜0.001).钙调蛋白阻滞剂W-7、蛋白激酶C阻滞剂H-7和Na+/H+交换阻滞剂amiloride对EGF的促肝癌细胞生长作用具有显著抑制作用(P＜0.001,P＜0.01,P＜0.05),而对基础状态细胞的3H-TdR掺入值无显著影响(P＞0.05).电压依赖性钙通道阻滞剂Varapamil对BGF的促肝癌细胞生长作用无显著抑制作用(P＞0.05),对基础状态细胞的3H-TdR掺入值亦无显著影响(P＞0.05).结论结果显示,酪氨酸激酶、蛋白激酶C、Na+/H+交换及依赖钙-钙调蛋白途径在BGF的作用中起关键作用.电压依赖性钙通道与EGF的作用无关.