芬太尼和瑞芬太尼对老年患者依托咪酯肌阵挛的预防作用

目的研究芬太尼和瑞芬太尼预处理在老年患者依托咪酯气管插管全麻诱导中对肌阵挛发生及血流动力学参数剧烈波动的预防作用。方法选取择期行全麻气管插管手术患者90例,年龄>65岁,ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级,按随机数字法分为芬太尼组(F组)、瑞芬太尼组(R组)和生理盐水组(C组),每组30例。麻醉诱导开始静脉注射0.2 mg/kg依托咪酯前,C组注射生理盐水10 mL,F组注射芬太尼3.0μg/kg,R组给予瑞芬太尼2.0μg/kg,注射时间至少30s,随后R组0.3μg/(kg·min)持续泵注,记录肌阵挛的发生情况和严重程度。待患者意识消失,睫毛反射消失,BIS值低于50,注射顺式阿曲库铵0.2 mg/kg后2 min进行气管插管。记录基础值(T_0)、诱导即刻(T_1)、插管即刻(T_2)及插管后1 min(T_3)、3 min(T_4)的MAP、HR。结果 F组、R组及C组的肌阵挛发生率分别为10%、3.3%、50%。F组、R组发生肌阵挛的频率和严重程度均显著低于C组(P<0.05),而F组与R组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。气管插管后,R组血流动力学的稳定性优于其他两组(P<0.05)。结论 3.0μg/kg芬太尼和2.0μg/kg瑞芬太尼均可降低老年患者依托咪酯全麻诱导期引起的肌阵挛发生率和严重程度,而2.0μg/kg瑞芬太尼预处理在麻醉诱导期可起到更好的血流动力学作用。     

Myoclonus in Epilepsy Patients with Anticonvulsive Add-On Therapy with Pregabalin

PURPOSE: To report on the occurrence of myoclonus in patients receiving pregabalin (PGB) for the treatment of focal epilepsy. METHODS: Clinic records of 19 patients who were consecutively enrolled at a tertial referral epilepsy center in a randomized, double-blind and/or open add-on study with PGB were reviewed. RESULTS: In four patients treated with PGB, focal myoclonus newly developed. The side effect appeared with PGB doses of 50-600 mg/day; the intensity showed some dose dependency. All patients had medically refractory focal epilepsy and received other antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) besides the study medication. One patient showed focal myoclonic jerks of the left arm, whereas the other patients developed multifocal myoclonus. Polygraphic studies including electromyogram (EMG)-triggered back-averaging of the EEG in the patient with the highest frequency of myoclonic jerks showed no visible correlate of the myoclonus. In this patient, frequency and intensity of myoclonic jerks significantly decreased after dose reduction of PGB. In the other cases, myoclonus was only subtle and did not significantly interfere with daily activities, so that a dose reduction of PGB was not considered necessary. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate a relatively high incidence (four of 19) of myoclonus associated with PGB therapy. The rate seems to be at least as high as reported in patients receiving the structurally similar anticonvulsant gabapentin.     

雷米芬太尼预处理减少依托咪酯所致肌阵挛

目的 观察1/μg/kg雷米芬太尼预处理对依托咪酯全麻诱导时肌阵挛的影响.方法 80例择期全麻手术患者,男女各40例,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,年龄18～60岁,体重指数(BMI)20～30.随机均分为两组:诱导时静注1μg/kg雷米芬太尼(雷米芬太尼组)或同等剂量的生理盐水(对照组)后静注0.3 mg/kg依托咪酯.观察有无肌阵挛发生,并记录肌阵挛程度.完成记录后,对照组静注4μg/kg芬太尼,1min后两组均静注0.6mg/kg罗库溴铵后气管插管.结果 雷米芬太尼组的40例患者中,仅1例(2.5%)出现中等程度的肌阵挛,明显低于对照组的31例(77.5%)(P<0.01).结论 1μg/kg雷米芬太尼预处理可减少依托咪酯全麻诱导所致的肌阵挛.     

雷米芬太尼对依托咪酯引发肌震颤的影响

目的研究预注雷米芬太尼对依托咪酯引发肌震颤的影响。方法选择ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,体重指数在20～24 kg/m2,无神经肌肉传导功能障碍性疾病的择期手术患者90例,随机均分为三组:雷米芬太尼0.5μg/kg组(R0.5组)、雷米芬太尼1μg/kg组(R1.0组)和对照组(C组)。预注雷米芬太尼或生理盐水,2 min后静脉注射依托咪酯0.3 mg/kg;记录预注前即刻(T0)、预注雷米芬太尼或生理盐水结束后1 min(T1)、2 min(T2)的SBP、DBP、HR、SpO2、RR、潮气量(VT),观察肌震颤程度并进行评分。结果与C组相比,R0.5和R1.0组依托咪酯引发肌震颤程度降低(P<0.01),R0.5和R1.0组相比肌震颤程度差异无统计学意义;体重60 kg以上的患者与其他体重段的患者相比肌震颤相对易发生且程度严重(P<0.05);各组同一时点的SBP、DBP、HR、SpO2、RR、VT差异无统计学意义。结论预注雷米芬太尼0.5或1μg/kg均能够显著降低依托咪酯引发的肌震颤,对呼吸系统和循环系统没有明显影响。     

Effect of Antiepileptic and Antimyoclonic Drugs on Serotonin Receptors in vitro

To determine if the mechanism of action of clinical and investigational antiepileptic and antimyoclonic drugs or neuropeptides involves direct actions at serotonin (5-HT) receptors, the activity of various compounds in vitro at 5-HT1 (with subtypes) and 5-HT2 sites was measured in adult rat brainstem, spinal cord, and neocortex. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH1-39) noncompetitively inhibited specific binding at 5-HT1, 5-HT1A, and 5-HT2 sites in brainstem and neocortex [concentrations required to displace 50% of ligand binding (IC50S) 4-8 X 10(-5) M]. ACTH1-24, ACTH1-17, and ACTH4-10 were sequentially less active, and ACTH34-39 and corticosterone were inactive. D-Ala2, Leu5-enkephalinamide, but not D-Ala2, Met5-enkephalinamide, also displaced spinal and neocortical 5-HT2 sites (IC50 6 X 10(-5) M). Piracetam, glycine, and the clinical antiepileptics valproate, phenacemide, phenytoin, carbamazepine, phenobarbital, diazepam, clonazepam, nitrazepam, and ethosuximide did not displace serotonergic radioligands, but melacimide showed some activity at 5-HT1 sites (IC50 7-9 X 10(-5) M). Anticonvulsant inactivity at 5-HT receptors in vitro correlates with the lack of antimyoclonic activity in 5-HT lesion myoclonic models but not with antimyoclonic efficacy in humans. These data indicate that acute effects of these anticonvulsants cannot be attributed to direct action at the 5-HT receptor recognition site in the rat. In contrast, ACTH showed mild in vitro displacement and regional specificity but only at micromolar concentrations.     

Genetic Predisposition to West Syndrome

Summary: To determine the recurrence risk of West syndrome (WS), we studied the familial antecedents of consecutively referred patients. Among siblings, there was an increased incidence of WS but not of febrile convulsions. Familial incidence of epilepsy was intermediate between the epileptic and nonepileptic control groups. When cases resulting from a genetically determined disease were excluded, incidence of epilepsy among siblings was similar to that in normal controls. Five of the 11 familial cases of WS were due to an identifiable cause: twin pregnancy, tuberous sclerosis, and recurrent maternal toxemia. In 4 of the remaining families, the clinical picture included spasms, erratic myoclonus, and postnatal microcephaly, suggestive of a previously unidentifiable progressive encephalopathy. Therefore, when identifiable familial diseases were excluded, the recurrence risk was <1%.     

Stimulus-Sensitive Seizures in Postanoxic Coma

Summary: Purpose: To describe four patients with stimulus-sensitive seizures and myoclonus following severe hypoxic-ischemic injury. Methods: In 22 months, four adult patients with myoclonus, generalized tonic-clonic, and clonic seizures following tactile stimulation were identified. EEG and hospital records were reviewed. Results: EEGs showed bursts of generalized spike and polyspike activity following tactile stimulation associated with the clinical seizures. No cerebral activity was present between the epileptiform bursts. At times, prolonged periods of suppression were recorded. All patients failed to respond to antiepileptic drugs and died. Conclusions: Stimulus-sensitive seizures and myoclonus following anoxia are associated with poor clinical outcome. The presence of seizures and myoclonus in conjunction with epileptiform discharges on EEG confirms that post-anoxic myoclonus is an epileptic state.     

羟考酮抑制中老年患者全身麻醉诱导期依托咪酯所致肌阵挛的半数有效量

目的 观察羟考酮抑制中老年患者全身麻醉诱导期依托咪酯所致肌阵挛的药效学. 方法 择期全身麻醉下手术患者62例,ASA分级Ⅰ、Ⅱ级.分为两组:中年组(45～54岁)30例,老年组(65～74岁)32例.麻醉诱导:患者面罩吸氧(8 L/min)5 min后,采用改良序贯法30 s内静脉注射羟考酮.2 min后30 s内静脉注射依托咪酯0.3 mg/kg,持续观察2 min,评估肌阵挛发生情况及其程度.然后静脉注射顺式阿曲库铵2 mg/kg和芬太尼3μg/kg,5min内完成气管插管行机械通气.麻醉分别以靶控输注(target controlled infusion,TCI)丙白酚(3.0 mg/L)、瑞芬太尼(2.5～3.0 μg/L)维持.采用Probit回归方法分析各组羟考酮的ED50及其95％CI,并记录手术时间、术后拔管时间及恶心、呕吐等副作用. 结果 羟考酮抑制中老年患者全身麻醉诱导期依托咪酯所致肌阵挛的ED.分别为0.077 mg/kg和0.062 mg/kg,95％CI分别为0.045～0.122 mg/kg和0.043～0.101 mg/kg;中年组羟考酮剂量明显高于老年组患者(P＜0.05).两组患者副作用发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(D0.05). 结论 羟考酮抑制中老年患者全身麻醉诱导期依托咪酯所致肌阵挛的ED50分别为0.077 mg/kg与0.062mg/kg;95％CI分别为0.045～0.122 mg/kg与0.043～0.101 mg/kg.     

Levetiracetam in three cases of progressive myoclonus epilepsy

We present three unrelated cases of genetically confirmed progressive myoclonic epilepsy of the Unverricht–Lundborg type who were treated with Levetiracetam as adjunctive therapy for their myoclonus. All cases responded with decrease of their myoclonus and improvement of quality of life. Two were able to return to or continue their employment. Patients tolerated the drug well without side effects reported. Levetiracetam appears to be a useful antimyoclonic agent in cases of progressive myoclonic epilepsy and should be considered for adjunctive therapy.