Mucormycosis following burn injuries: A systematic review

IntroductionMucormycosis is an opportunistic fungal infection with a high mortality rate. Though typically associated with diabetes and other conditions that affect innate immune function, infections can also be precipitated by conditions such as trauma and burns. Burn patients are particularly susceptible to fungal infections due to the immune dysfunction that often accompany their wounds. Indeed case series have described mucormycosis to occur in patients with burn injuries, however the factors contributing to mortality have not been well described. Thus, the purpose of our review was to identify factors contributing to morbidity and mortality in burn patients with Mucormycosis.MethodsA systematic review of the literature of mucormycosis infection in burn injury patients was performed on Pubmed and Google Scholar using the keywords: Mucor, Mucorales, Mucormycosis, Mucormycotina, Zygomycosis and burn or thermal injury. Clinical trials, observational studies, case reports, and case reviews were included if they provided information regarding mortality in adult and pediatric burn patients diagnosed with mucormycosis, review articles, non-English articles, and articles without patient information were excluded. No time limit was placed on our review. Individual patient data was stratified based on mortality. Statistical analysis was performed to investigate the relationship between patient risk factors and mortality, and the Oxford Level of Evidence was used to evaluate study quality.Results46 articles were included in our final review, encompassing 114 patients. On average, survivors had a total body surface area (TBSA)% of 46 (SD 19.8) while non-survivors had a TBSA of 65% (SD 16.4), and this difference was significant (p < .001). Patients with disseminated mucormycosis experienced an 80% mortality rate compared to 36% mortality rate in patients with localized disease (p < .001). We found no statistically significant difference in mean age (p > .05), diabetes (p > .05), mean delay in diagnosis (p > .05), time to antifungal therapy (p > .05), or type of therapy used (p > .05) between survivors and non-survivors. Our review was limited by the lack of prospective, controlled trials; thus, our review primarily consists of case reports.ConclusionDisseminated infections and higher TBSA both increased the risk of mortality in burn patients with mucormycosis, while diabetes did not increase mortality risk. The severity of the initial injury and infection locations must be taken into consideration to inform patient prognosis.     

Anemia is associated with higher mortality and morbidity after thoracic endovascular aortic repair

BackgroundIt is uncertain whether preoperative anemia is independently associated with thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) outcomes. Using a national vascular surgery database, we evaluated the associations between preoperative anemia and 30-day mortality, postoperative complications, and 1-year survival for patients undergoing TEVAR.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed all patients in the Vascular Quality Initiative who had undergone TEVAR for aortic dissection, aortic aneurysm, penetrating aortic ulcer, hematoma, or thrombus between January 2011 and December 2019. We excluded patients with a ruptured aneurysm, traumatic dissection, emergent repair, treated aorta distal to zone 5, polycythemia, transfusion of >4 U of packed red blood cells intraoperatively or postoperatively, and missing data on hemoglobin level or surgical indications. The final study cohort was dichotomized into two groups: normal/mild anemia (women, ≥10 g/dL; men, ≥12 g/dL) and moderate/severe anemia (women, <10 g/dL; male, <12 g/dL). Propensity scores by stratification were used to control for confounding in the analysis of the association between the outcomes of 30-day mortality, postoperative complications, and 1-year survival and a binary indicator variable of moderate/severe anemia vs normal/mild anemia. Kaplan-Meier analysis and log-rank tests were used to compare the 1-year survival between the two groups. A Cox regression model was fitted to assess the associations between anemia and survival outcomes.ResultsA total of 3391 patients were analyzed, 958 (28.3%) of whom had had moderate/severe anemia. After adjustment for multiple clinical factors using propensity score stratification, moderate/severe anemia was associated with a 141% increased odds of 30-day mortality (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.41; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.15-5.05; P = .019), 58% increased odds of any in-hospital complication (aOR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.17-2.13; P = .003), 281% increased odds of intraoperative transfusion (aOR, 3.81; 95% CI, 2.68-5.53; P < .001). In addition, moderate/severe anemia was associated with significantly worse survival within the first year after TEVAR (log-rank P < .001; 1-year survival rate using Kaplan-Meier estimates, 86.4% ± 1.3% standard error vs 92.5% ± 0.6% standard error) and with an increased risk of mortality in the first postoperative year (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.16-2.82; P = .009).ConclusionsWe found that moderate or severe anemia is associated with significantly increased odds of mortality, postoperative complications, and worse 1-year survival after TEVAR. Future studies are needed to evaluate the effect of anemia correction on the outcomes of TEVAR.     

老年髋部骨折术后1年急性脑血管事件发生危险因素及预后分析

目的:探讨老年髋部骨折术后1年内发生急性脑血管事件的危险因素及预后影响。方法:回顾性分析2017年7月至2020年12月收治老年髋部骨折320例,男111例,女209例;年龄60～101(79.05±8.48)岁。根据术后1年内是否发生急性脑血管事件,将患者分为脑血管事件和无脑血管事件组。收集患者的临床资料,包括年龄、性别、合并症、骨折类型、白细胞计数、血红蛋白、白蛋白、独立生活能力(activities of daily living,ADL)评分、行走能力、麻醉方式、手术方式和住院时间,通过单因素分析和多因素Logistic回归分析老年髋部骨折术后1年内急性脑血管事件的独立危险因素,比较两组术后1年ADL、行走能力和死亡率等。结果:术后1年内38例(11.9%)发生急性脑血管事件,脑血管事件组男20例,女18例,年龄(82.53±7.91)岁;非脑血管事件组男91例,女191例,年龄(78.59±8.46)岁。单因素分析结果显示急性脑血管事件与年龄(t=2.712,P=0.007)、男性(χ²=6.129,P=0.013)、高血压病(χ²...     

Cirrhosis is independently associated with complications and mortality following operative treatment of acetabular fractures

IntroductionPatients with cirrhosis are at higher risk for morbidity after injury. Acetabular fractures represent a highly morbid injury pattern. Few studies have specifically examined an effect of cirrhosis on risk of complications after acetabular fracture. We hypothesized that cirrhosis is independently associated with increased risk of inpatient complications following operative treatment of acetabular fractures.MethodsAdults patients with acetabular fracture who underwent operative treatment were identified from Trauma Quality Improvement Program data from 2015 to 2019. Patients with and without cirrhosis were matched on a propensity score predicting cirrhotic status and inpatient complications based on patient, injury, and treatment characteristics. The primary outcome was overall complication rate. Secondary outcomes included serious adverse event rate, overall infection rate, and mortality.ResultsAfter propensity score matching, 137 cirrhosis+ and 274 cirrhosis- remained. No significant differences existed in observed characteristics after matching. Compared to cirrhosis- patients, cirrhosis+ patients experienced 43.4% (83.9 vs 40.5%, p < 0.001) greater absolute risk difference of any inpatient complication, 29.9% (51.8 vs 21.9%, p < 0.001) greater absolute risk difference of serious adverse events, 28.5% (41.6 vs 13.1%, p < 0.001) greater absolute risk difference of any infection, and 2.9% (2.9% vs 0.0%, p = 0.02) greater absolute risk difference of inpatient mortality.ConclusionCirrhosis is associated with higher rates of inpatient complications, serious adverse events, infection, and mortality among patients undergoing operative repair of acetabular fracture.Level of EvidencePrognostic Level III.     

老年患者髋部骨折术后1年病死率及危险因素分析:一项回顾性队列研究

目的 调查老年髋部骨折患者术后1年病死率,并分析其危险因素. 方法 研究为回顾性队列研究,收集2011年～2014年因髋部骨折行手术治疗的老年(年龄≥65岁)患者信息,随访术后1年存活情况,采用Logistic回归分析筛选术后死亡的危险因素. 结果 共295名老年髋部骨折患者纳入本研究,平均年龄(78.4±6.7)岁,女性占71.5％,术前有3种以上合并症的占38％,平均随访(31.2±0.7)个月.住院期间、术后30 d、术后1年以及随访结束时病死率分别为0.7％、1.7％、3.7％和5.8％. 结论 高龄、术前合并呼吸系统疾病、既往有脑卒中病史及采用内固定手术是老年髋部骨折患者术后1年死亡的危险因素.     

高频振荡通气在成年人急性呼吸窘迫综合征的临床应用

背景 高频振荡通气(high-frequency oscillatory ventilation,HFOV)作为一种新的通气模式,具有高频率、小潮气量、高平均气道压的特点,近年来被成功应用于成年人急性呼吸窘迫综合征(acute respiratory distress syndrome,ARDS)的治疗.研究表明,HFOV在改善氧合、减少呼吸机相关性肺损伤(ventilator associated lung injury,VILI)方面较常规机械通气(conventional mechanical ventilation,CMV)具有优势.但其对ARDS病死率的影响尚不明确. 目的 通过归纳HFOV在成年人ARDS中的临床应用揭示HFOV的优势和缺陷. 内容 HFOV能够高效改善氧合、减少VILI,但不能减少ARDS的病死率.HFOV技术的最适患者的筛选、最佳使用时机、最佳参数的设定以及与其他治疗手段联用等问题有待进一步探索. 趋向 HFOV应用于ARDS的治疗需要更加深入的研究和探索.     

POSSUM、P-POSSUM和Cr-POSSUM对结直肠癌患者住院期间病死率预测能力的比较

目的 比较并发症和病死率的生理和手术严重性评分(physiological and operative severity score for the enumeration of mortality and morbidity,POSSUM)、并发症和病死率的生理和手术严重性评分(Portsmouth POSSUM,P-POSSUM)、结直肠切除的并发症和病死率的生理和手术严重性评分(colorectal POSSUM,Cr-POSSUM)对结直肠癌患者住院期间病死率的预测能力.方法 调查北京大学第三医院1992-2005年903例结直肠癌外科手术切除的资料.903例中,结肠癌518例,直肠癌385例.用ROC曲线分析判断评分的判别能力,用Hosmer-Lemeshow检验判断评分的拟合优度,用不同危险因素群的O∶E值判断评分的预测能力.结果 903例患者住院期间的病死率为1.0%(9/903).POSSUM、P-POSSUM、Cr-POSSUM预测的病死率分别为5.6%、2.8%、4.8%,三种评分预测的病死率明显高于实际的病死率,O:E值分别为0.18、0.35、0.2.结论 POSSUM、P-POSSUM和Cr-POSSUM在结直肠癌手术中预测的病死率高于实际病死率.     

Breast cancer control: signs of progress, but more work required

Breast cancer represents 10% of the global cancer burden and there is no population, or population sub-group, which has yet been identified to be at a truly low risk of developing the disease. Mortality rates have been steadily growing for nearly a century in many countries and it is only during the past decade that there have been signs of a sustainable decrease in mortality rates in a number of western-lifestyle countries. This represents considerable progress in breast cancer control and, although different factors contribute to different degrees in different countries, is mainly due to increased breast awareness, earlier detection and the delivery of the most appropriate therapy to women with the disease. The failure to prevent the incidence from continuing to rise represents to a great extent the failure to understand the precise mechanisms of breast carcinogenesis and the role of risk determinants whose alteration in society could lead to a reduced risk of developing the disease. The declines seen in mortality represent a considerable success, but there is no room for complacency until research can impact positively on reducing incidence.     

Effects on mortality of changing trends in the management of burned children in Turkey: eight years' experience

This retrospective review of data from a single burn centre revealed a sharp decrease in the mortality associated with childhood burn. Between January 1998 and January 2006, 1035 children were admitted to our burn unit in Ankara. The overall mortality was 5.8%, falling from 23% between 1998 and 2000 to 5.6% between 2001 and 2005. Scalds were commonest among the younger and flame and electrical burns among the older children. Flame burns were associated with the largest burned body surface areas and highest mortality rates. Electrical burns remained a major health problem with significant amputation rates and lengths of hospital stay. Candidaemia was a mortal consequence of burn. Renovation of the unit with changes in the management of burn victims from conservative treatment to more up-to-date approaches were associated with improved outcomes.     

集束治疗感染性休克的依从性及其对患者病死率的影响

目的了解临床医师集束治疗感染性休克患者的依从性及其对病死率的影响。方法记录2007年1—12月重症监护病房（ICU）连续收治的58例成人感染性休克患者6h集束治疗目标完成情况,并按是否完成集束治疗分为集束治疗组和未完成集束治疗组,比较2组患者的年龄、性别、感染部位、急性生理学和慢性健康状况评分Ⅱ（APACHEⅡ）、机械通气时间、ICU住院时间以及患者病死率。结果58例患者中,完成6h集束治疗的患者为22例,集束治疗依从性为37．9％（22／58）。与未完成集束治疗组相比,集束治疗组机械通气时间和住院时间明显缩短,差异具有统计学意义（t值分别为-2．225和-3．702,P值分别为0．037和0．001）。集束治疗组患者的病死率明显低于未完成集束治疗组（χ^2=10．236,P=0．000）。结论集束治疗能够降低感染性休克患者的病死率,临床医师应提高集束治疗的依从性。