脱落细胞形态计量及DNA含量测定对膀胱癌的诊断意义

采用图象细胞分析技术（ＩＣＭ）对８例膀胱冲洗液脱落细胞及６例正常对照进行形态计量和ＤＮＡ含量分析研究．结果显示：正常对照ＤＮＡ主峰位于２Ｎ范围，ＤＮＡ含量≥５Ｎ细胞为０．６７％，肿瘤脱落细胞ＤＮＡ主峰右移超过４Ｎ范围，ＤＮＡ含量≥５Ｎ细胞为４３．０％．对膀胱冲洗液脱落细胞的９项几何学参数进行检测，均表明良恶性间有显著差异，核／细胞面积比（ＡＲＮＣ）和细胞圆度（ＳＰＣ）两项参数具有临床诊断价值及代表性．     

大鼠脾脏主要结构的发育——从出生至12月龄的形态学定量

目的定量研究大鼠从出生至12月龄脾脏主要结构的发育情况。方法从同群正常雄性SD大鼠中,在不同发育阶段(1d和1、3、6、12个月)随机抽选动物,每个年龄组6~7只。取完整的脾脏,切取组织块制作甲基丙烯酸树脂包埋切片,经过碘酸-雪夫试剂和苏木素染色后用体视学方法定量研究脾内主要组织结构的总体积。结果从1d至1月龄,大鼠脾脏体积增长了6.7倍,从1月至3月又增长了2.0倍,从3至12月只增加了39%。脾脏在1日龄已形成动脉周围淋巴鞘,1月形成边缘区,3月形成脾小结,且脾血窦里充满血液。3~12月龄脾内白髓、红髓所占体积比例稳定,分别为23%~27%、67%~70%。结论大鼠脾脏在3月龄前生长快速,发育成熟,之后仍继续生长,但变化不明显。     

A retrospective study of patients with the hereditary syndrome of congenital cataract,mitochondrial myopathy of heart and skeletal muscle and lactic acidosis

The objectives of this study were to describe the course of two forms of an hereditary syndrome characterised by congenital cataract, mitochondrial myopathy of heart and skeletal muscle and lactic acidosis. We also sought to determine clinical, physicochemical and histopathological data which might allow early distinction between the two forms. We compared the ages at which clinical and physicochemical signs appeared in 16 patients. In 5 patients, enzyme-histochemical and ultrastructural data of skeletal muscle were available and muscle fibre composition analysed morphometrically. In any particular family only one form of the syndrome occurred. Amongst the patients who did not survive (range 14–34 years) 4 patients died in the neonatal period and 7 died at a median age of 23 years. The median age of the survivors was 19 years (range 15–42 years). Outflow obstruction of the left ventricle was noted in four deceased patients at variable times prior to death. The other deceased patients were not examined, but the cause of death was invariably heart failure. In none of the surviving patients was outflow obstruction noted. Enzyme-histochemical and ultrastructural findings were not specific for the course of the disease. In one biopsy, taken at the age of 3.5 months from a patient who survived, strong lipid accumulation was noted. Morphometric analysis showed proliferation of the mitochondria in muscle fibres, which increased during the course of the disease.     

Immunohistochemistry and morphometry of gastrin cells in the rat pyloric antrum during starvation

Summary The gastrin cells (G cells) in the rat pyloric antrum after 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of starvation were investigated by immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. In the peroxidase anti-peroxidase method for light microscopy, gastrin immunoreactive cells during starvation markedly decreased in number and size. Quantitative electron microscopy revealed that during starvation the number of electron-lucent granules were greatly reduced, but the number of electron-dense granules increased; the number of intermediate granules were not remarkably changed in G cells. These results may suggest that the synthesis of gastrin and granule maturation were greatly inhibited during long-term starvation.     

形态计量学在临床病理学研究中的应用

随着科学技术的发展和测试手段的改进 ,形态计量学得到了深化和发展 ,它已被广泛应用于临床病理研究工作 ,其中包括对非肿瘤病变与肿瘤病变、良性肿瘤与恶性肿瘤的鉴别诊断、对肿瘤恶性程度的分级、检查癌前病变及判断肿瘤的愈后及疗效等 ,其所研究的水平由组织、细胞水平向亚细胞和分子水平深入。近年来 ,有许多资料报道了用形态计量学和体视学的方法 ,研究大肠、胃、肝、肾、膀胱、子宫、甲状腺等器官的肿瘤 ,以找出反映病变特征的定量指标 ,来定量揭示正常和病变组织的形态结构、特征和机能间的关系。形态计量学具有客观性强 ,重复性好 ,能精确地以定量方式表达存在于组织中的各种信息等优点 ,因此对临床病理学研究有重要意义。     

Objective Quantification of Grade of Atypia in Epithelial Tumors of the Stomach by Image Processing

An image processing technique to extract tubular and nuclear areas from histological specimens stained with hematoxylin was established. Two indices representing tubular density and nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio of glands were examined in intestinal-type tumor of the stomach. In specimens clearly stained with hematoxylin, significant differences of brightness among nuclei, cytoplasm and stroma can be obtained. Image processing by computer enabled us to identify nuclei, cytoplasm and stroma by utilizing the differences of brightness among them. Both indices tended to increase with severity of histological atypia and their values in the tubular adenoma group were significantly different from those in the tubular adenocarcinoma group (P< 0.05). Therefore, these two indices could be regarded as valid and objective measures of the grade of histological atypia. Eighty-four percent of tubular adenoma and tubular adenocarcinoma cases were classified correctly with the discriminant formula and critical value calculated from the two indices on the basis of measurement of the images magnified by 40 times. There is, however, still a non-negligible overlap of discriminant scores between the tubular adenoma group and tubular adenocarcinoma group. More indices representing histological atypia will be required to allow objective differential diagnosis between malignant and benign lesions.     

Quantitative-morphometric aspects of bergmann glial (Golgi epithelial) cell development in rats

Summary Bergmann glial (Golgi epithelial) cells in the cerebella of rats of various ages were stained by the rapid Golgi technique, and their radial stem processes were measured for length and diameter. Additionally, the average number of such processes per cell was counted, and the development of bushy lateral protrusions was quantified. The length of radial processes—depending on the thickness of the molecular layer—was found to increase up to the end of the 2nd year of life. This elongation was accompanied by a reduction of the mean process diameter which was, however, not sufficient to prevent an increase in the cytoplasmic volume of the elongating cells. A marked outgrowth of lateral protrusions was observed up to at least the 5th month of life. These data are compared with earlier findings on the development of rat brain stem fetal radial glia, and of rabbit retinal Müller cells. Common mechanisms of glial cell development are discussed.     

An Ultrastructural Morphometric Study of Membranous Glomerulonephritis

Sixteen cases of membranous glomerulonephritis and 17 controlswere studied using electron microscopy and morphometry of wholeglomerular cross-sections. It was found that, in relation tocontrols, in membranous glomerulonephritis the following parametersare increased: total area, total number of cells, all basementmembrane parameters, visceral epithelium compartment area andvisceral epithelial cell area, area of parietal epithelium,mesangium and urinary space, number of endothelial and mesangialcells; by contrast, the following are decreased: number of visceralepithelial cells, capillary and endothelial volume fractions.Correlation analysis between morphometric and clinical parametersdemonstrated significant correlations between capillary basementmembrane thickening and duration of disease, proteinuria andrenal function; the changes in visceral epithelial cells correlatedwith serum albumin, proteinuria and inverse of creatinine; changesin relative area of capillary lumina correlated with blood pressure.It is concluded that the ultrastructural morphometric studyof renal biopsies will lead to better understanding of glomerulardisease.