Anticonvulsant and proconvulsant actions of 2‐deoxy‐d‐glucose

Purpose: 2‐Deoxy‐d ‐glucose (2‐DG), a glucose analog that accumulates in cells and interferes with carbohydrate metabolism by inhibiting glycolytic enzymes, has anticonvulsant actions. Recognizing that severe glucose deprivation can induce seizures, we sought to determine whether acute treatment with 2‐DG can promote seizure susceptibility by assessing its effects on seizure threshold. For comparison, we studied 3‐methyl‐glucose (3‐MG), which like 2‐DG accumulates in cells and reduces glucose uptake, but does not inhibit glycolysis. Methods: Mice were treated with 2‐DG or 3‐MG and the seizure threshold determined in the 6‐Hz test, the mouse electroshock seizure threshold (MEST) test, and the intravenous pentylenetetrazol (i.v. PTZ) or kainic acid (i.v. KA) seizure threshold tests. 2‐DG was also tested in fully amygdala‐kindled rats. Results: 2‐DG (125–500 mg/kg, i.p., 30 min before testing) significantly elevated the seizure threshold in the 6‐Hz seizure test. 2‐DG (250–500 mg/kg) decreased the threshold in the MEST and i.v. PTZ and i.v. KA tests. 3‐MG had no effect on seizure threshold in the 6‐Hz test but, like 2‐DG, decreased seizure threshold in the i.v. PTZ test. 2‐DG (250 and 500 mg/kg, i.p., 30 min before testing) had no effect on amygdala‐kindled seizures. Conclusions: Although 2‐DG protects against seizures in the 6‐Hz seizure test, it promotes seizures in some other models. The proconvulsant action may relate to reduced glucose uptake, whereas the anticonvulsant action may require inhibition of glycolysis and shunting of glucose metabolism through the pentose phosphate pathway.     

银杏叶提取物上调海马脑源性营养因子和神经肽2受体表达、增强突触重建而改善发育期癫痫大鼠认知功能的研究

目的 观察银杏叶提取物(EGb)对发育期点燃癫痫大鼠治疗前后学习记忆及脑组织海马中脑源性营养因子(BDNF)、神经肽2受体(NPY2R)、突触素P38、突触后致密蛋白95(PSD95)表达及突触超微结构的影响,探讨EGb改善认知功能的可能作用机制.方法 戊四氮(PTZ)诱导大鼠慢性点燃模型,Morris水迷宫观察干预治疗前后大鼠学习记忆变化,Western blot和免疫组化分别检测海马中BDNF、NPY2R、P38、PSD95蛋白的含量分布情况,电镜观察突触超微结构.结果 (1)Morris水迷宫测试结果显示PTZ点燃大鼠的潜伏期长于NS组(P<0.05),经EGb治疗后的大鼠潜伏期较点燃组明显下降(P<0.05).相应地点燃大鼠的跨越平台次数明显少于NS组(P<0.05),经EGb治疗后大鼠的跨越平台次数则多于相应的未治疗组(P<0.05).(2)点燃大鼠海马中BDNF蛋白含量明显高于NS组(P<0.05),EGb的治疗进一步提高了大鼠BDNF蛋白含量(P<0.05),BDNF免疫阳性细胞分布以皮质区最高,其次分别为海马CA3区、CA2区和DG.相应地点燃大鼠海马内NPY2R蛋白含量也显著高于NS组(P<0.05),但是,EGb的治疗可以降低大鼠的NPY2R蛋白含量(P<0.05),NPY2R免疫阳性细胞主要分布于海马DG区,皮质区次之.(3)点燃大鼠脑内P38和PSD95蛋白含量均低于NS组(P<0.05),EGb的治疗使得P38和PSD95表达量明显高于点燃组、甚至超过NS组(P<0.05).(4)在透射电镜下点燃大鼠海马神经元胞体固缩浓染,细胞水肿,突起膜发生断裂,突触前后膜结构模糊,突触小泡减少,突触后致密物变薄,而EGb的治疗可以减轻细胞水肿、致密物稍增厚.结论 EGb治疗后发育期癫痫大鼠海马BDNF、NPY2R、P38和PSD95表达增强,受损的突触结构得到改善,可能参与了EGb改善点燃大鼠的学习记忆过程.