Development and validation of automated microscale walkability audit method

Measuring microscale factors of walkability has been labor-intensive and expensive. To reduce the cost, various efforts have been made including virtual audits (i.e., manual audits using street view images) and the introduction of computer vision techniques. Although studies have shown that virtual audits (i.e., manual audits using street view images) can reliably replicate in-person audits, they are still prohibitively expensive to be applied to a large geographic area. Past studies used computer vision techniques to help automate the audit process, but off-the-shelf models cannot detect some of the important microscale walkability characteristics, falling short of fully capturing the multi-facetted concept of walkability. This study is one of the earliest attempts to use the combination of custom-trained computer vision models, geographic information systems, and street view images to automatically audit a complete set of items of a validated microscale walkability audit tool. This study validates the reliability of the automated audit with virtual audit results. The automated audit results show high reliability, indicating automated audit can be a highly scalable and reliable replacement of virtual audit.     

A Google Trends™ Analysis of Bladder Cancer: Determining Awareness Campaign Success,and Patients’ Needs in Clinical Management

Objective: We aimed to determine the interest and changing trends over time in the diagnosis and treatment of bladder cancer and its awareness campaign by examining the Google Trends application as an indicator of people’s interest globally. Methods: Using the Google Trends application, we determined the yearly and country-based relative search volumes of the term “bladder tumor” and of the methods used in the diagnosis and treatment of bladder cancer in the period from January 2004 to December 2019. We compared the median relative search volumes found in the period 2004-2011 (Period 1) with those found in the period 2012-2019 (Period 2). Results: We found that the median relative search volume for bladder cancer decreased in period 2 and this was parallel to the decrease in the incidence rates in North America and Australia (p<0.001). We found that the bladder cancer awareness month did not cause an increase in the online interest (p>0.05). We found that the median relative search volumes of diagnostic cystoscopy and cytology were higher than those of molecular markers and imaging methods in line with guidelines (p<0.001). Also, TURBT was the most sought-term among treatment methods with increasing popularity in the second period (p<0.001). Conclusion: People use the internet intensively to search for information about bladder cancer. We think that several types of web-based applications such as “Google Trends” can help determine the behavioural patterns and tendencies of bladder cancer patients and affect the clinical decision-making processes, as well as readily determining the impact of cancer awareness campaigns to bring about an increased awareness in the society for the recognition of the importance of an early diagnosis.     

Internet queries and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus surveillance

The Internet is a common source of medical information and has created novel surveillance opportunities. We assessed the potential for Internet-based surveillance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and examined the extent to which it reflects trends in hospitalizations and news coverage. Google queries were a useful predictor of hospitalizations for methicillin-resistant S. aureus infections.     

Should we use one‐sided or two‐sided P values in tests of significance?

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