Cerebral metabolic profile, selective neuron loss, and survival of acute and chronic hyperglycemic rats following cardiac arrest and resuscitation

Cortical metabolites and regional cerebral intracellular pH (pHi) were measured in normoglycemic (NM), acute hyperglycemic (AH), and chronic hyperglycemic (CH, 2 week duration, streptozotocin-induced) Wistar rat brains during cardiac arrest and resuscitation. During total ischemia in AH and CH rats (plasma glucose approximately 30 mM), cortical ATP, PCr, glucose, and glycogen all fell significantly as expected. Lactate levels increased dramatically in association with a concomitant intracellular acidosis. Although lactate reached higher concentrations in AH and CH than NM, pHi was significantly lower only in the AH group. With 5 min of reperfusion, all groups recovered to near baseline in all variables, though lactate remained elevated. In a separate aspect of the study, animals from each experimental group were allowed to recover for 4 days following resuscitation, with outcome being gauged by mortality rate and hippocampal CA1 neuron counts. NM survival rate was significantly better than AH and CH. In particular, no CH rats survived for 4 days despite rapid initial recovery. After 4 days, the AH group had suffered significantly greater CA1 neuron loss than the NM rats. In summary, our research identified differences in intra-ischemic acid-base status in the two hyperglycemic groups, suggesting that chronic hyperglycemia may alter the brain's buffering capacity. These observations may account for differences between acutely and chronically hyperglycemic subjects regarding outcome, and they suggest that factors other than hydrogen ion production during ischemia are responsible for modulating outcome.     

Clinical Validation of a New Immunoradiometric Assay for Intact Human Osteocalcin

The purpose of this study was to estimate clinical validity of a new available immunoradiometric assay for circulating intact human BGP (N-tact Osteo SP) by measuring this protein in a large number of normal subjects and patients with the most common metabolic bone diseases. One hundred normal subjects were studied in order to obtain our normal ranges (4.9 ± 1.7 ng/ml). The mean values found in 28 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (17.5 ± 22.8 ng/ml, P < 0.001), 15 glucocorticoid-treated patients (1.9 ± 1.5, P < 0.001), 10 patients with hypoparathyroidism (1.5 ± 0.7, P < 0.001), 9 with hyperthyroidism (8.3 ± 3.8, P < 0.001), 8 with skeletal metastases (7.2 ± 2.3, P < 0.001), and 4 with humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy (2.42 ± 1.91, P < 0.005) were significantly different from mean values found in normal subjects. Mean decrease of serum osteocalcin T-score values was significantly greater when evaluated by N-tact Osteo SP assay in 15 steroid-treated patients (−1.4 ± 1.0) and 19 primary hyperparathyroid (PHPT) patients (3.6 ± 1.9), compared with the mean values obtained with the Elsa-Osteo assay (−0.67 ± 1.2, P < 0.002 and 4.3 ± 2.8, P < 0.04, respectively). We found significant correlations between the global skeletal uptake of 99mTc-methylendiphosphonate and serum BGP levels assayed by both N-tact Osteo SP (P < 0.01) and Elsa-Ost-Nat assay (P < 0.05). Our results indicate that this new immunoradiometric assay for the intact human osteocalcin has the potential for good discrimination between normal subjects and patients with both low and high bone turnover. Furthermore, our findings emphasize the fact that, in the absence of available standardized commercial assays, one should rely on only one assay because different results are obtained by different assays under different clinical conditions. Received: 22 January / Accepted: 22 September 1998     

学习障碍儿筛检测试的应用研究

目的：为在我国开展学习障碍的研究提供筛查工具,对日本PRS在江苏省进行标准化研究。方法：采用PRS测试江苏省12市城乡5～15岁普通学校中小学生和幼儿园儿童6676名,进行标准化研究。结果：PRS项目测试具有较高的可靠性,言语性以及非言语性领域Cronbach’sa系数均大于093,全项目则达到096;因子分析则间接提示本次测试的有效性;各项目得分比日本样本更接近正态分布,各项目以及各领域得分均略高于日本。作为筛查学习障碍界值是合适的。结论：PRS在江苏省可用于筛俭学习能力障碍,需进一步加强应用研究。     

Early and delayed cardioprotection by heat stress is mediated by calcitonin gene-related peptide

Brief ischaemia or heat stress protects the myocardium against ischaemia-reperfusion injury. Heat stimulus evokes release of sensory nerve transmitters, including calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). Since CGRP has been shown to play an important role in the mediation of ischaemic preconditioning, the present study examined whether early or delayed preconditioning induced by retrograde hyperthermic perfusion in vitro or by whole-body hyperthemia in vivo also involves endogenous CGRP. Isolated rat hearts were perfused in the Langendorff mode and subjected to 30 min global ischaemia and 30 min reperfusion. Heart rate, coronary flow, left ventricular pressure and its first derivatives (±dp/dt) were recorded and the CGRP-like immunoreactivity (CGRP-LI) content and the release of creatine kinase (CK) during reperfusion were measured. Retrograde hyperthermic perfusion (42 °C) for 5 min improved the recovery of cardiac function, decreased the release of CK and elevated the content of CGRP-LI in the coronary effluent. CGRP_8–37 (10^–7 mol/l), a selective CGRP receptor antagonist, abolished the cardioprotection by heat stress. Pretreatment with capsaicin (50 mg/kg s.c.), which specifically depletes sensory nerve transmitter content, abolished both the cardioprotection and the increased release of CGRP-LI. Whole-body hyperthermia (42 °C for 15 min) caused an increase in the plasma concentration of CGRP-LI. Early or delayed protection was shown in the hearts obtained from the animals subjected to whole-body hyperthermia 10 min or 48 h before the experiments. The early or delayed protection by heat stress was also abolished by pretreatment with capsaicin. The present study suggests that, in the rat, the early and delayed cardioprotection induced by heat stress involves endogenous CGRP. Received: 31 December 1998 / Accepted: 6 April 1999     

Lithium effects on time estimation and mood in manic-melancholic patients. A study of diurnal variations

Behavioural measurements of time experience and phenomenological self-ratings of mood-variations (Beecher's Mood Scale) have been carried out at night and on the following morning in a group of lithium-treated patients, in a group of psychiatric patients not given lithium, and in an untreated group of healthy subjects. In all the groups investigated the internal "clock" was slower in the morning than in the night. The results indicated that the internal "clock" in lithium-treated patients was slower than in the two other groups, but only at night. Mood variations from night ot morning were observed in all three groups. The group of lithium-treated patients had fewer complaints as to self-report of mood-variations compared with the other groups.     

Comparative study of quality of life between the Chinese and Japanese adolescent populations

Researchers from Japan, China and Singapore have initiated a collaborative project, with the aim of comparing adolescent quality of life (QOL) internationally. This study presents the primary results of the investigation conducted in Beijing, China, and Kobe, Japan. The 70-item Quality of Life Questionnaire for Adolescents (QOLQA) was developed and evaluated in Japan and China. In total, 1114 Japanese and 613 Chinese junior high school students, aged 12-15 years, completed the questionnaire. Chinese students scored significantly higher than the Japanese students in overall QOL scores and in most domains. For both groups, subjects had highest score in the independence domain and lowest in psychological domain. In terms of overall QOL score, Chinese male students ranked first, followed by Chinese girls, Japanese boys, and Japanese girls. In the Japanese group, a continuing decrease of QOL scores with age was observed without exception, but no such tendency was present in their Chinese counterparts. No parallel relationship was observed between the higher level of economic development and better quality of life. The results also suggest that mental health promotion should be a priority in improving overall quality of life of adolescents both in Japan and China.     

中西医结合治疗脑血管疾病30例

中西医结合治疗脑血管疾病３０例山西省中医药研究院（太原０３００１２）柏晋梅自１９９５年２月～１９９６年５月，我们用中药制剂川芎嗪注射液、西药脑复康注射液，治疗脑血管疾病３０例，收到满意效果，现报告如下。临床资料以中华医学会第二次全国脑血管会议第三次修...     

Effect of a neuronal sodium channel blocker on magnetic resonance derived indices of brain water content during global cerebral ischemia

Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) with calculation of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of water is a widely used noninvasive method to measure movement of water from the extracellular to the intracellular compartment during cerebral ischemia. Lamotrigine, a neuronal Na(+) channel blocker, has been shown to attenuate the increase in extracellular concentrations of excitatory amino acids (EAA) during ischemia and to improve neurological and histological outcome. Because of its proven ability to reduce EAA levels during ischemia, lamotrigine should also minimize excitotoxic-induced increases in intracellular water content and therefore attenuate changes in the ADC. In this study, we sought to determine the effect of lamotrigine on intra- and extracellular water shifts during transient global cerebral ischemia. Fifteen New Zealand white rabbits were anesthetized and randomized to one of three groups: a control group, a lamotrigine-treated group, or a sham group. After being positioned in the bore of the magnet, a 12-min 50-s period of global cerebral ischemia was induced by inflating a neck tourniquet. During ischemia and early reperfusion there was a similar and significant decrease of the ADC in both the lamotrigine and control group. The ADC in the sham ischemia group remained at baseline throughout the experiment. Lamotrigine-mediated blockade of voltage-gated sodium channels did not prevent the intracellular movement of water during 12 min 50 s of global ischemia, as measured by the ADC, suggesting that the ADC decline may not be mediated by voltage-gated sodium influx and glutamate release.     

Differential regulation of ciliary neurotrophic factor and its receptor in the rat hippocampus following transient global ischemia

To investigate a potential role of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) in transient global ischemia, we have studied the postischemic regulatory changes in the expression of CNTF and its receptor, the ligand-binding alpha-subunit (CNTFRalpha). Immunoblot analysis demonstrated CNTF levels were slightly upregulated already during the first day after ischemia and then increased markedly by more than 10-fold until 2 weeks postischemia. Immunoreactivity for CNTF became detectable 1 day after ischemia and was localized in reactive astrocytes. The intensity of the immunolabeling was maximal in CA1 during the phase of neuronal cell death (days 3-7 postischemia) and in the deafferented inner molecular layer of the dentate gyrus. Upregulation of CNTF expression was less pronounced in CA3 and absent in the stratum lacunosum moleculare and the outer molecular layer of the dentate gyrus and thus did not simply correlate with astroliosis as represented by upregulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). As shown by in situ hybridization, expression of CNTFRalpha mRNA was restricted to neurons of the pyramidal cell and granule cell layers in control animals. Following ischemia, reactive astrocytes, identified by double labeling with antibodies to GFAP, transiently expressed CNTFRalpha mRNA with a maximum around postischemic day 3. This astrocytic response was most pronounced in CA1 and in the hilar part of CA3. These results show that CNTF and its receptor are differentially regulated in activated astrocytes of the postischemic hippocampus, indicating that they are involved in the regulation of astrocytic responses and the neuronal reorganizations occurring after an ischemic insult.     

浅谈绩效考评工具

绩效考评工具在整个人力资源管理与考评系统中处于核心地位。科学的绩效考评工具应具有工作分析、考评工具的信度、效度3个必要的、不可缺的基本特征。绩效考评工具主要包括特征导向、结果导向和行为导向3种。开发绩效考评工具应针对企事业单位的实际情况；针对不同领域、不同层次的员工开发出以工作分析为基础、信度和效度良好、实用性强的绩效考评工具，从而发挥绩效考评的作用；对员工的工作进行开发和指导，以提高员工的业绩和对工作的成就感、满意度。