Four novel mutations in the thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl co-transporter gene in Japanese patients with Gitelman's syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Gitelman's syndrome (GS) is an autosomal recessive disorder resulting from inactivating mutations in the thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl co-transporter (NCCT) gene. To date, almost 90 mutations have been identified. It is possible that there is a population-specific distribution of mutations. In this study, we analysed mutations in the NCCT gene of seven Japanese patients with GS. METHODS: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from patients with GS, their family members and healthy control subjects. A mutation analysis of the NCCT gene was performed completely by direct automated sequencing of polymerase chain reaction-amplified DNA products. In patients with a deletion or splice site mutation, we undertook cDNA sequence analysis. RESULTS: We identified nine mutations. Five of them [c.185C>T (Thr60Met), c.1712C>T (Ala569Val), c.1930C>T (Arg642Cys), c.2552T>A (Leu849His) and c.1932delC] have been reported in Japanese patients, but not in GS patients from other ethnic groups. The remaining four mutations [c.7A>T (Met1Leu), c.1181_1186+20del26, c.1811_1812delAT and IVS16+1G>A] were novel. In cDNA derived from a patient with c.1181_1186+20del26, a deletion of exon 9 and a frameshift at the start of exon 10 were observed. In cDNA derived from patients with IVS16+1G>A, an additional 96 bp insertion between exons 16 and 17 was observed. Six out of seven patients were compound heterozygotes, and the remaining one carried a single heterozygous mutation. CONCLUSIONS: We found four novel mutations in the NCCT gene in seven Japanese patients with GS. Moreover, our study suggests that the distribution of mutations in the NCCT gene in Japanese GS patients potentially differs from that in other populations.     

Urodynamic effects and safety of modified intravesical oxybutynin chloride in patients with neurogenic detrusor overactivity: 3 years experience

BACKGROUND: Intravesical oxybutynin chloride with hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) (modified intravesical oxybutynin) has been reported to be effective for treatment of overactive bladder. We reported the short-term effects of modified intravesical oxybutynin previously. In the present article, we detail the results of a 3-year follow-up study of patients from our previous analysis and report the efficacy and side-effects of modified intravesical oxybutynin. METHODS: Modified intravesical oxybutynin (5 mg/10 mL, twice a day) was applied for more than 3 years to six neurogenic overactive detrusor patients (three men and three women, average age 53.3 years) who were not satisfied with oral anticholinergic agents or the other therapy. A cystometogram (CMG) was performed before, 1 week after and 3 years after the start of modified intravesical oxybutynin treatment. We evaluated the patient's satisfaction of this treatment after 4 weeks and again after 3 years. We compared the patients' answers before and after the therapy (excellent, good, fair, unchanged and worse). We also monitored systemic and topical side-effects in these patients during this period. RESULTS: CMG studies showed that two of six patients no longer exhibited uninhibited contraction 1 week after the treatment and that the cystocapacity of patients before, 1 week after and 3 years after the initial modified intravesical oxybutynin was 129.7 +/- 19.4, 283.5 +/- 40.4 and 286.8 +/- 38.1 mL, respectively. For the evaluation of patients' satisfaction with this treatment, four patients considered the therapy excellent and one patient described it as good after both 4 weeks and after 3 years. Two patients dropped out of the study; one developed left ureteral cancer (2.25 years) and the other developed ileus (1.5 years). Dry mouth and acute cystitis were observed in both patients. CONCLUSION: Modified intravesical oxybutynin is an effective and relatively safe option of therapy for overactive bladder patients. However, this therapy requires careful observation for emergent side-effects.     

Effect of ammonium chloride and dietary phosphorus in the azotaemic rat. I. Renal function and biochemical changes.

BACKGROUND: Both dietary phosphorus restriction and the ingestion of ammonium chloride (NH(4)Cl) given to rats on a high-phosphorus diet have been shown to preserve renal function in the azotaemic rat. Parathyroidectomy also has been reported to preserve renal function and, in addition, to prevent kidney hypertrophy in the remnant kidney model. Our goals were (i) to evaluate in azotaemic rats the effect of dietary phosphorus on renal function in a shorter time frame than previously studied and (ii) to determine whether NH(4)Cl administration (a) enhances the renoprotective effect of dietary phosphorus restriction and (b) improves renal function in the absence of parathyroid hormone (PTH). METHODS: High (H; 1.2%), normal (N; 0.6%) and low (L; <0.05%) phosphorus diets (PD) were given for 30 days to 5/6 nephrectomized rats. In each dietary group, one-half of the rats were given NH(4)Cl in the drinking water. The six groups were HPD + NH(4)Cl, HPD, NPD + NH(4)Cl, NPD, LPD + NH(4)Cl and LPD. The effect of NH(4)Cl administration was also evaluated in 5/6 nephrectomized, parathyroidectomized (PTX) rats on NPD. RESULTS: In each of the three dietary phosphorus groups, creatinine and urea clearances were greater (P<0.01) in rats receiving NH(4)Cl. Neither creatinine nor urea clearance was reduced by high dietary phosphorus. Urine calcium excretion was greatest in the LPD group and was increased (P < or = 0.001) in all three groups by NH(4)Cl ingestion. An inverse correlation was present between plasma calcium and phosphorus in the parathyroid intact (r = -0.79, P<0.001) and PTX groups (r = -0.46, P = 0.02). In PTX rats, NH(4)Cl ingestion increased (P < or = 0.01) creatinine and urea clearances and both an increasing plasma calcium concentration (r = 0.67, P<0.001) and urine calcium excretion (r = 0.73, P<0.001) increased urine phosphorus excretion. CONCLUSIONS: At 30 days of renal failure (i) NH(4)Cl ingestion increased creatinine and urea clearances, irrespective of dietary phosphorus; (ii) high urine calcium excretion, induced by dietary phosphorus restriction and NH(4)Cl ingestion, did not adversely affect renal function; (iii) high dietary phosphorus did not decrease renal function; (iv) the absence of PTH did not preserve renal function or prevent NH(4)Cl from improving renal function; and (v) both an increasing plasma calcium concentration and urine calcium excretion resulted in an increase in urine phosphorus excretion in PTX rats.     

氯化钴对人卵巢癌SKOV3细胞顺铂敏感性的影响

目的：观察氯化钴（CoCl₂）作用于人卵巢癌SKOV3细胞株后对SKOV3细胞顺铂敏感性的影响,并阐述其可能机制。方法：体外培养SKOV3细胞株,随机分为对照组、CoCl₂组、顺铂（DDP）组和CoCl₂联用DDP （联合）组,CoCl₂组细胞以200 μmol·L^-1 CoCl₂作用4 h后换普通细胞培养基培养20 h,DDP组细胞以含10 mg·L^-1 DDP的细胞培养基培养24 h,联合组细胞以200 μmol·L^-1 CoCl₂作用4 h后更换含10 mg·L^-1 DDP的细胞培养基继续培养20 h。MTT法检测各组细胞存活率,免疫荧光法检测各组细胞中低氧诱导因子1α（HIF-1α）和诱导型一氧化氮合酶（iNOS）阳性表达强度,Rhod 2-AM荧光探针检测各组细胞线粒体钙离子（Ca²⁺）水平,免疫蛋白印迹（Western blotting）法观察凋亡相关蛋白细胞色素C （cyto C）、半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶3（caspase3）和活化半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶3（cleaved caspase3）蛋白表达水平,Muse^®凋亡试剂盒检测各组细胞凋亡率。结果：与对照组比较,CoCl₂组细胞存活率无明显变化（P>0.05）,其余2组细胞存活率明显下降（P<0.05）;且联合组高于DDP组（P<0.05）。与对照组比较,CoCl₂组和联合组细胞中HIF-1α阳性表达强度明显增强（P<0.05）;DDP组和联合组细胞中iNOS阳性表达强度明显增强（P<0.05）。与对照组比较,DDP组和联合组细胞Ca²⁺水平升高（P<0.05）;且DDP组高于联合组（P<0.05）。与对照组比较,CoCl₂组细胞中cyto C、caspase3和cleaved caspase3蛋白表达水平无明显变化（P>0.05）,DDP组细胞中cyto C、caspase3和cleaved caspase3蛋白表达水平明显升高（P<0.05）;且联合组低于DDP组（P<0.05）。与对照组比较,DDP组细胞凋亡率明显升高（P<0.05）;联合组细胞凋亡率较DDP组降低（P<0.05）。结论：CoCl₂可以通过抑制DDP诱导的人卵巢癌SKOV3细胞株iNOS表达增强来减少线粒体途径凋亡的发生,降低其顺铂敏感性。     

Effects of benzalkonium chloride treatment on the intramural innervation of the upper urinary tract

OBJECTIVE: To establish a model for investigating the pathophysiology of pelvi-ureteric junction (PUJ) obstruction, using benzalkonium chloride (BCI) treatment of the upper urinary tract of rabbits, and thus further elucidate the pathophysiology of PUJ obstruction, the most common urinary tract obstruction in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Although various histological abnormalities have been described, PUJ obstruction may be functional. Defective innervation in PUJ has been suggested to be a major factor in the failure to transmit peristaltic waves across the PUJ. Previously established animal models of hydronephrosis deal mostly with surgical obstruction of the PUJ, which does not correlate with human congenital hydronephrosis. BCl has been used to ablate selectively neurones of the gastrointestinal myenteric plexus, which generated spastic segments with impaired peristalsis. Thus 12 rabbits were treated with BCl at the PUJ; the right upper urinary tract was dissected extraperitoneally and treated with a local application of 0.1% or 0.5% BCl (six each) for 15 min. The controls were four sham-operated animals treated with saline. The animals were assessed by intravenous urography (IVU) at 4 and 8 weeks after treatment, after which the animals were killed, the upper urinary tracts removed and whole-mounts prepared. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) histochemistry, and neurofilament and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) single-enzyme immunohistochemistry were used to detect the intrinsic innervation. RESULTS: None of the animals had hydronephrosis on the IVU or at death. AChE histochemistry, TH and neurofilament immunohistochemistry showed no or very few nerve fibres within the BCl-treated PUJs in both (0.1% and 0.5%) groups. After saline treatment there was normal development of the neuronal plexus within the submucosal, muscular and adventitial layers of the upper urinary tract. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that treatment with BCl is useful for ablating the intrinsic innervation in the upper urinary tract. Defective intrinsic innervation of the upper urinary tract did not lead to clinically or radiologically evident hydronephrosis. Further physiological studies using this model are needed to further elucidate the neuronal and myogenic influence on the development of PUJ obstruction.     

活性炭对氟康唑氯化钠注射液含量的影响

目的：探讨炭处理过程中活性炭用量对氟康唑氯化钠注射液中氟康唑含量的影响。方法：在同一温度下加入不同量的活性炭，在不同的温度下加入等量的活性炭，在同一温度、不同pH值下加入等量的活性炭，进行炭处理后测定氟康唑含量的变化。结果：随着活性炭用量的增加，主药含量明显降低；随温度升高，活性炭吸附作用减小；pH值对活性炭吸附作用的影响不明显。结论：在炭处理过程中应控制炭用量，并适当增加氟康唑的投料量。     

高氧复方氯化钠溶液用于大鼠烧伤后休克的观察

目的观察并探讨高氧复方氯化钠溶液对烧伤休克的防治作用. 方法 (1)将Wistar大鼠分为6组,A组正常对照组;B组制作30%TBSAⅢ度烧伤模型,伤后1 h补充复方氯化钠溶液;C组致伤后6 h补充复方氯化钠溶液;D组伤后1 h补充高氧复方氯化钠溶液;E组伤后6 h补充高氧复方氯化钠溶液;F组致伤后不治疗.动态观察各组大鼠内毒素(LPS)、白细胞介素6(IL-6)、二胺氧化酶(DAO)活性、D-乳酸、丙二醛(MDA)的变化.(2)选择烧伤面积为50%～69%TBSA、伤后3 h内入院的患者,随机分为治疗组补充高氧复方氯化钠溶液;对照组补充复方氯化钠溶液.观察患者休克期变化、经皮氧分压、血红蛋白、血细胞比容及有无并发症等. 结果大鼠伤后各组监测指标水平均较A组显著升高,呈逐步上升趋势,F组更加明显,其顺序为F组>C组>B组>E组>D组(P＜0.05).烧伤患者治疗组较对照组休克期度过平稳,补液量减少,氧分压明显升高,并发症少,但血氧饱和度差异无显著性意义. 结论早期应用高氧复方氯化钠溶液,对防治烧伤休克有较好的疗效.     

不同补钾方式治疗严重低钾血症的临床疗效

目的:探讨不同静脉途径注射高浓度氯化钾治疗重度低钾血症的安全性与疗效。方法:收集本院急诊科2010年1月至2013年6月97例重度低钾血症或者,用微量泵通过中心静脉补钾,将97例重度低钾血症患者随机分为治疗组48例与对照组49例,治疗组经中心静脉置管,6%氯化钾注射液经微量泵20~30 ml/h注射;对照组0.3%氯化钾注射液经输液泵150~250 ml/h注射补钾。结果:与对照相比较,治疗组6 h和12 h血钾明显上升较快,补钾终点时长明显缩短,补钾液体量明显减少,其差异均有显著统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论:在严密监测下经中心静脉微量泵高浓度补钾治疗重度低钾血症,是安全、有效、快速的治疗方法,值得在基层医院推广应用。     

羊膜凝胶对大鼠干眼的治疗作用及其作用机制

目的 通过局部应用苯扎氯铵(benzalkonium chloride,BAC)建立大鼠干眼模型,观察羊膜凝胶对大鼠干眼的治疗作用。方法 随机选取25只健康Wistar大鼠制作干眼动物模型后,随机分为干眼对照组(A组)、溶剂治疗组(B组)、羊膜提取液组(C组)、羊膜凝胶组(D组)和人工泪液治疗组(E组),另取5只大鼠作为正常对照组。每组治疗前后分别检测大鼠干眼指标,包括泪液分泌试验、泪膜破裂时间及角膜荧光染色评分。治疗4周后收集大鼠眼组织标本行病理及生化检测,包括角膜HE染色、PAS染色、免疫组化染色及TUNEL试验。结果 随着治疗时间的延长,羊膜匀浆提取液及羊膜凝胶均可改善大鼠干眼状况。治疗4周后D组大鼠的各项干眼指标相对于B组均有明显好转,干眼治疗效果明显优于E组(P<0.05)。另外,羊膜凝胶可使干眼大鼠的角膜上皮平整规则,角膜上皮K10表达下调,增加角膜MUC1 的表达,有助于维持泪膜稳定性。结论 羊膜凝胶可通过维持角膜上皮完整性,抑制角结膜鳞状上皮化生,促进结膜杯状细胞增殖、黏蛋白分泌而减轻干眼的病理损伤,从而缓解干眼的症状,具有治疗大鼠干眼的效果。     

硬膜外腔注射生理盐水对剖宫产术患者腰麻效果的影响

目的探讨硬膜外腔注射生理盐水对剖宫产术患者腰麻效果的影响。方法择期行子宫下段剖宫产术患者60例,年龄24～30岁,体重59～73 kg,随机分为2组,每组30例,A组蛛网膜下腔注射规定剂量的0.75%布比卡因后硬膜外腔注射生理盐水5 ml;B组蛛网膜下腔注射0.75%布比卡因。按序贯法进行试验,设定布比卡因的起始剂量为9 mg,剂量梯度为1.5 mg,若上一例有效,则下一例递减一个剂量梯度,若无效则下一例递增一个剂量梯度,蛛网膜下腔阻滞有效的标准为注射布比卡因后20 min内阻滞上平面达T5。采用概率单位法计算ED50。结果A组布比卡因的ED50（5.8 mg）低于B组（8.1 mg）,两组比值为0.72,95%置信区间为0.27～0.98,区间范围不包括1,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论硬膜外腔注射生理盐水可增强剖宫产术患者腰麻的效果。